Quiz 2

Question 1

Define stress.

Answer 1

the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it; also defined as events that are threatening

Question 2

agonist

Answer 2

a drug that mimics or increases the effects of a NT

Question 3

antagonist

Answer 3

a drug that blocks a NT

Question 4

What is the limbic system?

Answer 4

responsible for emotional behaviors; interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem

Question 5

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Answer 5

a condition resulting from a severe traumatic experience, leading to a long lasting state of frequent distressing recollections (flashbacks) and nightmare about the traumatic event, avoidance of reminders of it, and exaggerated arousal in response to noises and other stimuli; intense disturbing thoughts and feelings long after an event has passed.

Question 6

Define delusions.

Answer 6

unjustifiable beliefs, contrary to fact
-two types: bizarre (not plausible) and non-bizarre (could happen eg. stalking)

Question 7

Positive symptoms

Answer 7

behaviors present that should be absent
eg. catatonic behavior (resistance to changes in posture or movement)

Question 8

Bipolar disorder

Answer 8

a condition that alternates between depression and mania

Question 9

In general an individual with bipolar disorder alternates between… and … and some have…

Answer 9

depression… mania… full-on manic episodes.

Question 10

Panic disorder

Answer 10

a condition marked by frequent periods of anxiety and rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating and trembling, eg. sensory overload

Question 11

Pure Autonomic Failure

Answer 11

a condition when the output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails

Question 12

Negative symptoms

Answer 12

behaviors that are absent that should normally be present eg. weak or absent signs of emotion, speech or socialization (flat affect, alogia)

Question 13

Define cortisol

Answer 13

the “stress” hormone; enhances metabolic activity, elevates blood sugar, increases alertness, activates “fight or flight”

Question 14

What is the psychological definition of emotion?

Answer 14

Cognitions (thoughts), feelings and actions

Question 15

An individual with damage to the prefrontal cortex shows…

Answer 15

impairment in decision making and processing emotional info

Question 16

The amygdala is the…

Answer 16

key area of learning what to fear

Question 17

Medial prefrontal cortex most strongly inhibits/modifies…

Answer 17

the amygdala’s response to potential threatening stimuli

Question 18

Startle responses are

Answer 18

greater when an individual is anxious

Question 19

What is the HPA?

Answer 19

hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal cortex

Question 20

Stress activates the …. & …

Answer 20

sympathetic NS … HPA

Question 21

Brief stress …. the immune system but prolonged stress …. it.

Answer 21

activates… weakens

Question 22

Why do nearly all infections produce similar effects? eg. sleepiness, fever, loss of energy

Answer 22

Prostaglandins (lipids that aid in recovery & stimulate the hypothalamus) are sent to the brain

Question 23

Natural K(iller) cells

Answer 23

provide a rapid response to cells infected by viruses/bacteria; they attack ALL intruder (tumors, tissues, etc.)

Question 24

Psytokenes

Answer 24

combat infections through the psytokene release system

Question 25

To be diagnosed with schizophrenia an individual must

Answer 25

-deteriorate in daily function for at least 6 months for reasons not attributed to another disorder -present with additional symptoms eg. delusions, hallucinations, disorg. speech, grossly disorg. behavior

Question 26

Hallucinations are

Answer 26

false sensory experiences

Question 27

Describe disorganized speech

Answer 27

rambling or incoherent speech

Question 28

Describe grossly disorganized behavior

Answer 28

the weak or absent signs of emotion, speech and/or socialization

Question 29

Avolition

Answer 29

the inability to initiate & participate in goal oriented tasks, eg. getting dressed, usually caused by damage to the dorsal lateral frontal cortex which matures very slowly

Question 30

Major depressive disorder

Answer 30

feeling sad/helpless most of the day for weeks, can't imagine enjoying anything

Question 31

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Answer 31

depression that recurs during a particular season like winter

Question 32

T Cells

Answer 32

directly attacks intruders

Question 33

Leukocytes

Answer 33

white blood cells that help fight disease/immune cells

Question 34

Cytokines

Answer 34

proteins that fight infection

Question 35

Autoimmune disease

Answer 35

when the cells attack normal ones

Question 36

The hypothalamus controls

Answer 36

most vital functions (fight, flee, feed, fornicate)

Question 37

Prostaglandins

Answer 37

cross blood-brain barrier and induce fever, sleepiness, lack of energy, lack of appetite by stimulating the hypothalamus

Question 38

Resilience

Answer 38

the ability to recover from traumatic experiences

Question 39

Social support

Answer 39

best way to cope with stress, even helps reduce pain