Quiz 2, 3, 8 Flashcards

(72 cards)

1
Q

What line separates the enamel from the cementum of the tooth?

A

The anatomic line separating enamel from cementum on the tooth is the cementoenamel junction.

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2
Q

How could a portion of the anatomic crown be a part of the clinical root?

A

The clinical crown is the portion of the tooth visible in the mouth; the clinical root is the portion of tooth not visible in the mouth and covered by bone and gingival tissue. The anatomic crown is the portion of tooth covered by enamel; the anatomic root is the portion of the tooth covered with cementum. If a portion of the anatomic crown of the tooth is covered by gingival tissue, it would be part of the clinical root.

If a tooth is not completely erupted, that part of the anatomic crown that is still under the gum is considered the clinical root. The clinical root is any part of the tooth as yet unerupted under the gum, no matter what part of the tooth it is
Gum recession

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3
Q

How many roots are present in a trifurcated and in a bifurcated tooth?

A

A trifurcated tooth has three roots; a bifurcated tooth has two roots.

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4
Q

Are maxillary teeth upper or lower jaw teeth?

A

Maxillary teeth are located in the upper jaw. Mandibular teeth are located in the lower jaw.

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5
Q

Which tooth tissue composes the bulk of the tooth?

A

Dentin composes the bulk of the tooth because it makes up the majority of the crown and root portions.

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6
Q

Which tooth tissue is the hardest?

A

Enamel is the most dense and hardest tissue in the human body. It is composed of 96% inorganic matter and 4% organic matter and water.

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7
Q

Which tooth tissue is the softest?

A

Pulp is the soft tissue of the teeth; it is composed of blood and lymph vessels, nerve and connective tissues, and odontoblasts. Enamel, cementum, and dentin are all hard tissues of the teeth. Of these three hard tissues, enamel is the hardest and most dense, and cementum is the least dense of the hard tissues.

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8
Q

Which tooth tissues have their own nourishment system?

A

Cementum is separated from the tooth’s self-nourishment system; instead, the nutrition for cementum is derived from the outside of the tooth through blood vessels that come directly from the bone. Pulp has its own nourishment, blood vessels and nerves. The dentin is laid down on the inside of the tooth. Its odontoblasts are nourished by the pulpal tissues. Once enamel is formed and laid down it has no nourishment system.

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9
Q

Which tooth tissue is most like bone?

A

Cementum has a strong physiologic resemblance to bone, although it is denser than bone. It is composed of 45%- 50% inorganic and 50%-55% organic matter.

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10
Q

What is the main nourishment system of the tooth?

A

The pulp supplies the nourishment system for the tooth (except for the cementum). Pulp tissue contains blood vessels which bring nourishment and white blood vessels to fight infection.

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11
Q

Name the different parts of the pulp cavity

A

The pulp cavity consists of the pulp chamber, pulp horns, and pulp canal. The pulp chamber rests in the crown of the tooth; the cusps of the chambers are the pulp horns. The pulp canal is contained within the root portion of the tooth.

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12
Q

Is the pulp horn a part of the pulp chamber or the pulp canal?

A

The pulp horn is the cusp of the pulp chamber.

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13
Q

What does the pulp tissue comprise?

A

The pulp tissue is composed of blood vessels (arteries and veins), lymph vessels, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and odon

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14
Q

The root-to-crown ratio is determined by dividing the length of ____ by the length of ____. How does this affect a tooth’s resistance to displacement

A

The root-to-crown ratio is determined by dividing the length of the root by the length of the crown. Almost all teeth have longer roots than crowns, so the root-to-crown ratio is almost always 1 or higher than 1. The higher the root-to-crown ratio number, the more resistant the tooth will be to displacement

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15
Q

What is the difference between the alveolus and the alveolar process?

A

The alveolar process is the portion of alveolar bone that supports the teeth. The alveolus is the bony socket within the alveolar process where the tooth fits.

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16
Q

Which is seen in the mouth first, the clinical or anatomic crown?

A

The clinical crown is that portion of the tooth crown that is visibly seen in the mouth first. It not covered by soft gingival tissues. The clinical crown will become larger as the tooth erupts into the mouth and can include the part of the root if that part of the root is not covered by gingival tissue. The anatomic crown is that portion of the tooth that is covered by enamel; it cannot be changed.

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17
Q

What is the percentage of inorganic material in enamel? In dentin? In cementum?

A

Enamel is composed of 96% inorganic matter and 4% organic matter and water. Dentin is made of 70% inorganic matter and 30% organic matter and water. Cementum is composed of 45% to 50% inorganic and 50% to 55% organic matter.

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18
Q

Enamel is harder than dentin, and dentin is harder than cementum. How does this correlate to the percentages of inorganic versus organic materials present in these tissues?

A

Enamel has more inorganic matter than dentin; dentin has more inorganic matter than cementum. The more inorganic matter component in a tooth tissue, the harder that tooth tissue will be.

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19
Q

What are the basic functions of the teeth? What determines which functions each tooth has?

A

The basic functions of teeth are to begin processing food by cutting, holding, and grinding. The individual tooth function varies by specific tooth shape and location in the mouth. The incisors cut food and shovel it back into the mouth, the canines hold and tear food, the premolars help hold and grind food, and the molars crush and grind food.

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20
Q

What are the longest teeth in human dentition? Why are they considered the longest? How do the maxillary and mandibular compare?

A

The canines are the longest teeth in the human dentition. They are the most stable teeth because they have the longest roots of all teeth. The maxillary canines have the highest root-to-crown ratio of all the teeth and the least susceptible to forces of displacement.

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21
Q

Why is the term bicuspid inaccurate compared with premolar?

A

The term bicuspid is sometimes used to refer to premolar teeth. The term bicuspid implies that the tooth has only two cusps; this is inaccurate because some premolars have three cusps on their occlusal surfaces.

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22
Q

What is the function of the molars, and how do the cusps perform this function?

A

The molars function to chew and grind up food. The cusps of the maxillary molars interlock with the mandibular molars. This interlocking mechanism creates a crushing and grinding function.

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23
Q

How many premolars and how many molars are there in permanent dentition?

A

There are 8 premolars in the permanent dentition, 4 maxillary and 4 mandibular, 2 on each side of the mouth. There are 12 molars in the permanent dentition: 6 maxillary and 6 mandibular, 3 on each side of the mouth.

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24
Q

How many surfaces are on a posterior tooth? Name them.

A

There are five surfaces on posterior teeth: lingual (toward the tongue), buccal (toward the cheek), mesial (toward the midline), distal (away from the midline), and occlusal (the chewing surface).

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25
Which proximal surface is farther away from the midline, and which is closest to the midline?
The mesial surface of a tooth is toward the midline and the distal surface is farther away from the midline of the mouth.
26
If the anterior teeth do not have a fifth surface, what do they have that replaces the fifth surface?
Anterior teeth do not have an occlusal surface; instead, they have an incisal ridge that is the biting edge.
27
What is a line angle? Name the six line angles for the anterior teeth and the eight for the posterior teeth.
A line angle forms the junction to separate two surfaces of a tooth. The proximal surface is listed first and the incisal/occlusal surface listed last. The anterior teeth have six line angles: distolabial, mesiolabial, distolingual, mesiolabial, labioincisal, and linguoincisal. Posterior teeth have eight line angles: distobuccal, mesiobuccal, distolingual, mesiolingual, disto-occlusal, mesio-occlusal, bucco-occlusal, and linguo-occlusal.
28
What is a point angle?
A point angle is the point where three tooth surfaces meet. They are named first by the interproximal surface, then facial/lingual, and the incisal/occlusal surface is listed last.
29
The developmental grooves separate the lobes of a tooth. How many lobes does an anterior tooth have?
Anterior teeth have four lobes separated by two developmental grooves on their labial surface. These developmental grooves separate the three labial lobes of the teeth. The fourth lobe is the lingual lobe on the lingual surface.
30
What separates the cingulum on an anterior tooth from the labial lobes?
The cingulum is formed by the fourth developmental lobe on anterior teeth. The lingual fossa separates the fourth lobe from the labial lobes. This lingual fossa may be a singular fossa or two fossae interrupted by a tubercle.
31
What is the small elevation of enamel on some portion of the crown of a tooth?
A small elevation of enamel on some portion of the crown of a tooth is called a tubercle.
32
What is the small pinpoint depression that occurs along a developmental groove?
A small pinpoint depression along a developmental groove is called a pit.
33
Explain the difference between a tubercle and a cusp.
A tubercle is a small elevation of enamel on any portion of a crown of a tooth. A cusp is a mound on tooth's crown that makes up a large portion of the tooth's occlusal surface.
34
Empty swimming pool
Concave
35
Empty soup bowl
Concave
36
Cave
Concave
37
Ridge of a mountain
Convex
38
Cusp tip
Convex
39
Valley between two hills
Concave
40
A marginal ridge
Convex
41
Lingual fossa of an anterior tooth
Concave
42
Explain the difference between a developmental groove and a pit.
A developmental groove is a shallow groove or line that separates primary parts of a tooth's crown or root. A pit is a pinpoint depression that typically occurs along a developmental groove at its deepest part.
43
The developmental elevated rounded mound of the crown that forms a major division of the occlusal surface is a
A cusp is a mound on tooth's crown that makes up a large portion of the tooth's occlusal surface.
44
A developmental elevated projection on the lingual surface of a newly erupted incisor is a
A cingulum is an elevated projection on the lingual surface of a newly erupted incisor.
45
If a maxillary central incisor has an almost transparent incisal edge and a maxillary lateral incisor has a very white line covering its incisal edge, which incisor is more mineralized at its incisal edge?
The central The more mineralized the enamel is, the more translucent it appears. Age and skin pigmentation also affect the coloring of enamel. White spots are evidence of incomplete mineralization.
46
What type of specialized cells form dentin?
Dentin is formed by specialized cells called odontoblasts.
47
Which type of cementum is part of the system that anchors the tooth to the bone?
Acellular cementum's primary function is to be part of the attachment system of the tooth. Acellular cementum has Sharpey's fibers embedded in it to anchor the tooth in bone.
48
Name the two types of cementum.
The two types of cementum are cellular cementum and acellular cementum.
49
What types of dentin form in response to deep tooth decay?
Tertiary (reparative) dentin forms in response to different forms of trauma to a tooth, like deep decay.
50
What normally fills the interproximal spaces between teeth? If this is missing, what is the void called?
The interproximal spaces between teeth are normally filled with gingival tissue called papillary gingiva. When the interproximal gingival is missing, the void is called the cervical or gingival embrasure
51
Name the embrasures and explain their function. Which embrasure is not always present and why?
Embrasures allow food to be shunted away from contact areas; reduce the trauma of occlusal forces on teeth; provide a round, smooth surface for self-cleaning; and allow food to slightly provide frictional massage to the gingival tissues. Embrasure spaces are named based on their location: facial (buccal or labial), lingual, incisal or occlusal, and gingival. The gingival embrasure, also called the cervical embrasure, is not usually present; it is only present if the interproximal space is not occupied by bone and gingiva.
52
Which teeth have the greater curvature of the cementoenamel junction, anterior or posterior? Mesial or distal?
The crowns of anterior teeth show greater curvature of the cementoenamel junction that do posterior teeth. The mesial curvature on anterior teeth is greater than the distal curvature on that same tooth. On posterior teeth, the mesial curvature is about 1 mm; the distal curvature is nearly nonexistent.
53
What terms are synonymous with the cementoenamel junction?
The cementoenamel junction is also called the cervical line.
54
Explain how the diet a person chooses has an effect on gingival and tooth health
Primitive people, by eating natural raw foods, wore down some of the enamel of their teeth in the process of chewing, which resulted in the gradual obliteration of the pits and fissures. Our diet of soft, overcooked, tacky, and sticky foods has resulted in an inability to wear down enamel; additionally, the stickiness of the food allows it to adhere to the tooth surface even when pits and fissures are not present.
55
What happens if a tooth is restored so that it has an overhanging restoration?
Overhanging restorations occur when a tooth is restored and the restorative material extends too far beyond the tooth. These restorations harbor bacteria, plaque, and food debris and create difficulty with proper oral hygiene practices.
56
What happens if two adjacent teeth have open contact areas?
If two adjacent teeth have open contact areas, food debris in able to impact in the area. This will cause bacteria to accumulate and can lead to inflammation and breakdown of periodontal structures. A very large space is called a diastema and is so large that food does not cause an impact. This diastema is not an open contact. Open contacts are very small.
57
What is the difference between a contact area and a contact point?
Contact areas of the teeth are the areas on the proximal surfaces of the teeth where one proximal surface touches another. A mesial contact area of a mandibular first molar touches the distal contact area of a mandibular second premolar. A contact point differs from a contact area. A contact point is where the occlusal cusp of one tooth touches the occlusal portion of another tooth in the opposing arch. The contact point is where the cusp of a maxillary tooth touches the mandibular tooth. This is the place where one tooth hits the other when closing the teeth together.
58
Which of the following spaces present the greatest potential for food impaction, periodontal disease, and caries?
Interproximal space distal to the maxillary first molar The interproximal space distal to the maxillary first molar is the most likely to create food impaction. The long vertical contact area between the maxillary first and second molar is much harder to keep clean than the space mesial to the first molar. The large edentulous area does not allow food impaction.
59
The buccal crest of curvature is ______________ the buccal height of contour.
the same as The buccal crest of curvature is the same as the buccal height of contour. The crest of curvature refers to the widest part of the crown of the tooth; it is the same as the height of contour.
60
What is the normal amount of crest of curvature?
The crest of curvature averages 0.5 mm on the facial surfaces and on the lingual surfaces of maxillary posterior teeth. The crest of curvature is slightly less than 0.5 mm on the lingual surfaces of maxillary posterior teeth. The crest of curvature on the lingual side of posterior teeth is located in the middle third of the crown.
61
While examining this patient, you notice an open contact between the two mandibular premolars. What are your concerns?
The first concern is if food could be trapped between these two teeth. This space is too large to trap food. Most food would pass right through and not cause a periodontal problem. A space much smaller than this could be a problem. This space is actually a primate space found naturally in most primates (refer to Chapter 6).
62
Which of the following are true of attached gingiva?
b. The epithelial layer is thick and keratinized, c. The tissue can have a stippled texture, and d. The tissue is fixed and firmly attached to the bone and cementum. The attached gingiva is highly keratinized and covered by stratified squamous epithelium. The attached gingiva often displays a stippled texture. The attached gingiva is immobile and firm. The tissue is fixed and firmly attached to the bone and cementum.
63
Which is most true of cementum?
a. Sharpey's fibers are embedded in it. Sharpey's fibers embed in bone and cementum. Cementum is a hard, bone-like tissue that covers the roots of the teeth. Acellular cementum covers the cervical third of the root and extends over almost the entire root except the apical portion where it is replaced or covered over with cellular cementum. It is more resistant than bone to pressure.
64
Which is true of Sharpey's fibers?
c. They can embed in either bone or cementum, d. The same fiber could embed in bone at one end and in cementum at the other. Sharpey's fibers embed firmly into bone and cementum. It would be extremely rare for it to be in dentin. Some Sharpey's fibers embed in bone or cementum at one end and run horizontally, obliquely, or apically from the tooth to the bone and function to hold the tooth in the bony socket.
65
Rete peg formation
Rete pegs are extensions of stratified squamous epithelium that covers the attached gingiva. These fibers extend deep into the connective tissue and create more surface area for the tissue to attach and receive nutrients. They also create the stippled (dimple) appearance of the attached gingiva.
65
When the tooth is subjected to occlusal stress, it relieves this stress by which of the following mechanisms?
a. The periodontal ligament tenses, b. The fluids in the periodontal ligament absorb some force, and c. The walls of the alveolus spread the force out and divide it over a wider area. As the periodontal ligament (PDL) stretches and tenses in response to pressure, this tension resists and combats these forces. The fluids in the PDL have a shock absorption function to relieve stress on the tooth and PDL fibers. PDL fibers compress and stretch to allow the tooth to move within the body socket. The PDL fibers distribute occlusal forces evenly within the bony socket.
66
Stratified squamous epithelium
The most common of the multiple-layered epithelia; found as skin and mucosa
67
The alveolar bone when seen on the x-ray is called lamina dura.
True. When viewed radiographically, the alveolar bone proper is called the lamina dura.
68
The gingival papilla is located in the interdental space.
True. The gingival papilla (interdental papilla) is the free gingiva located in the triangular interdental spaces.
69
The gingival sulcus is the space between the tooth and the mucogingival fold.
False. The gingival sulcus is the space between the free gingiva and the tooth
70
The attached gingiva extends from the gingival sulcus to the interdental space.
False. The attached gingiva extends from the base of the sulcus and is attached to the bone and the cementum by a dense network of collagenous fibers. It extends in the opposite direction than above.
71
The free gingiva extends from the gingival margins to the base of the gingival sulcus.
True. Free gingiva is the gum tissue that extends from the gingival margin to the base of the gingival sulcus it is also called marginal gingiva.