Quiz 2 Flashcards
(210 cards)
1
Q
What is a Social Movement?
A
Organized activism intended to be engaged in over a long period of time with the objective of changing society in some way through collective action
2
Q
What are the 4 main elements of a social movement?
A
- organized
- involved over a sustained period of time
- mobilized a mass amount of supporters
- used all major forms of mass comm available
3
Q
What are Grassroots movements?
A
Movements inspired and organized by the masses, everyday people that were tired of racism and discrimination
4
Q
What are reform movements?
A
Movements that look to work inside the system to make changes,
5
Q
What are Revolutionary Movements?
A
Movements that look to overthrow the system in place
6
Q
What are Left-Wing Social Movements?
A
Movements that attempt to increase freedom and equality for submerged groups.
7
Q
What should a social movement not be confused with?
A
Collective behavior
8
Q
What is Collective Behavior?
A
Unorganized, spontaneous, and often short lived actions of a large group of people, such as riots, fashions, or fads
9
Q
“Human beings act within” what?
A
Social, cultural, and historical contexts.
10
Q
During the Post WW2 period, what elements contributed to minority group activism?
A
Economic growth and increasing urbanization
11
Q
What period in time is the defined as the OFFICIAL beginning of the civil rights movement? What historical moment coincides with this?
A
1954 after the brown v board of education supreme court decision
12
Q
What is Brown v Board of education?
A
Decision declared separate public schools for black and white children were unconstitutional
13
Q
Before the official defined start date of the civil rights movement, what were 2 examples of civil rights already had taken action in relation to this subject?
A
- Harry Truman’s Executive Order 9981
2. Major league baseball integration in 1947
14
Q
What was Harry Truman’s Executive order 9981?
A
An order in 1948 that integrated the US army
15
Q
T O F? Sociologists who study social movements point out that for subordiante groups to challenge their status through protest, it takes more than Relative Deprivation?
A
True
16
Q
What is Relative Deprivation?
A
The perception of a subordinate group that its situation is worse than that of the dominant group in terms of economics, power and privilege.
17
Q
What groups are known for the 1. Red power movement. and 2. Yellow Power movement?
A
- Native Americans
2. Asian Americans
18
Q
What does Chicano Mean?
A
Term and identity that refers specifically to Mexican-Americans, Particularly those who are politically active, differs from Latino
19
Q
What does Latino mean?
A
A Term and identity that describes those who are from Latin america, while Hispanic applies to those who are Spanish speaking
20
Q
Post WW2 What are 3 things that put pressure on, and influenced the climate in the US for activism, and for the US to dismantle its system of racial segregation?
A
- Thousands of AA, Native A, Latinos fought in WW2(Mostly segregated units, after coming back they thought they could be treated better than second class citizens, didn’t happen
- US system of segregation and Racial inequality came under scrutiny after former euro colonial began gaining independence from colonial powers (India 1949)
- Activism around globe challenging these systems. overthrow of European colonial powers throughout africa
21
Q
How did POST WW2 Era of US Economic Growth have a Two-Pronged Effect in relation to activism?
A
- Resulted in increasing expectations for many impoverished minority groups
- It created certain amount of economic security for working and middle class families that allowed them to participate in social movements
22
Q
In relation to social movements and activism, what is mobilization?
A
The crucial recruitment of movement participants
23
Q
Sociologist Doug Mcadams (1988) Proposed what additional factor that helped facilitate the civil rights movement?
A
College students of the 1960s were uniquely optimistic about their future, and felt love for their history making presence in the world
24
Q
What is Sense of Efficacy?
A
The belief that people can change their situation.
25
What is Sense of Feasibility?
The sense of possibility, the potential of actors to carry out the action successfully.
26
In relation to Ideologies, Institutions, and identities, what does participation in social movements contribute to?
Contributes to the emergence of new ideologies and new identities.
27
Identities are changed through participation in social movements? T O F? explain this through the lens of the Red Power Movement.
True. Red Power movement provided Indians with a positive image of indian-ness that inspired them to reconnect with their culture and their indian identity. Reclaimed identity as Native Americans
28
How were Asian Americans identities changed in the 1970s during the yellow power movement?
Developed an Asian american identity refereed to as Pan-Asian Identity.
29
What is Pan-Asian Identity?
A development of a consciousness among individuals of Asian Background to identify as Asian American as recognition of their shared experiences with racism in american culture
30
Sociologists emphasize how social movements create both...?
Collective and Individual Identities
31
What are Collective Identities?
The re-creation or resurgence of a racial/ethnic group's culture, traditions or history
32
What are Individual Identities?
A new sense among participants of being defined at least partially along racial ethnic lines
33
T O F Identities are a significant mobilizing force and are formed within social movements
True. Also, apart of new research, called identity -based movements, because identity is central to why people mobilize.
34
In relation to the Civil Rights Movement, why was it considered an identity-based movement?
Because participants mobilized around their racial identities, and sought to extend full citizenship rights to African Americans
35
In relation to the Civil Rights Movement, when did it start/end (before official date of 1954) and why?
1948, with efforts of president truman and continued through the 1960s.
36
In relation to the Civil Rights Movement, What did they confront?
Jim crow segregation, right to vote, Pursuit of economic, and educational equality, and right to be free from terror.
37
What are SMO'S (Social Movement Organizations)?
Formal organizations (variety of orgs) that share the goals of the larger social movement and help organize stratagies, resources, and mobilization efforts.
38
In relation to the Civil Rights Movement, What was one of the most important organizations to the movement (SMO) and when did it start?
NAACP, 1909, W.E.B. DuBois
39
In relation to the Civil Rights Movement, What were other orgs that were involved
CORE, SCLC and SNCC
40
In relation to the Civil Rights Movement, What was CORE, what did they do?
Congress of racial equality, embraced using nonviolence to challenge segregation
41
In relation to the Civil Rights Movement, What was SCLC, what did they emerge out of, and who was their first president?
Southern Christian Leadership Council, emerged out of success of montgomery bus boycott, MLK Orgs first president
42
In relation to the Civil Rights Movement, What was SNCC, what were they inspired by?
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a formal org of college students intending to fight racism. Inspired by success of sit in movement . was interracial
43
Was SNCC Hierarchical or Non-Hierarchical?
Non- Hierarchical.
44
What does Non-Hierarchical mean?
Group centered rather than leader centered
45
What does the term Civil Disobedience mean, what civil rights org engaged in this the most?
SNCC. The practice of refusing to obey discriminatory laws, and nonviolent activism than the traditional Civil rights orgs
46
In 1967 what did SNCC shift its emphasis from?
Integration to building black community orgs and eventually expelled all white memebers
47
All social moments use a variety of strategies and tactics to attain their goals. T O F?
True
48
In relation to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, when/ where did it occur, and for how long?
Montgomery Alabama, in 1955 for 381 days
49
In relation to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, What was the strategy behind this?
To challenge racial segregation in transportation through a massive boycott of city busses
50
In relation to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the boycott was ignited by what famous figure?
Rosa Parks
51
In relation to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Why was this especially hard for black residents?
Most were reliant on public transportation, and they faced violent retaliation.
52
In relation to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, What was the percentage of participation in the black community?
Almost 100 percent
53
In relation to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Why was this a good tactic?
Because black residents accounted for 75 percent of the bus companies business, thus presenting the bus company with extreme financial harship
54
In relation to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, what groups did Alabama whites form in response?
White Citizens council, formed to fight desegregation
55
What civil rights group was commitied to nonviolent, direct action?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
56
What is Nonviolent Direct Action?
Engaging in confrontational tactics such as strikes, sit ins, and demonstrations while remaining non violent. (Typically in the face of violence)
57
What did Plessy V ferguson rule in 1896?
Segregation was constitutional. Separate but equal.
58
In Relation to School Desegregation, Where did they decide to first enforce the brown decision?
Little rock Arkansas, at Little rock's central high scGhool
59
In relation to the Sit in Movement, what happened in 1960 in Greesboro, NC?
Four well dressed African american college students, challenged southern norms by requesting service at lunch counter.
60
As a social movement stratagey, what does 1. Nonviolent mean, and 2. Direct action mean?
1. Peaceful, nonviolent in the face of violence
| 2. People engaged in disruptive protests, sit ins, boycotts, demonstrations
61
In 1961 what did the Congress of racial equality (CORE) use as a strategy to combat segregation in transportation?
Freedom rides
62
In Relation to Freedom Rides, What would white activists do compared to black activists
White activists sat in back while black activists sat in front, defying the laws.
63
What was Freedom Summer? What was the goal, What group initiated it?
Summer of 1964, SNCC, Bring civil rights movement to Mississippi by engaging in voter registration and forming freedom schools- educating black citizens of all ages.
64
While Male civil rights activists during the civil rights movement saw racial inequality clearly what was one thing that was hard for them to acknowledge?
Gender inequality
65
In 1964 two white female members of SNCC Wrote a letter highlighting their secondary status in the organization by highlighting aspects such as?
women unlikely asked to be project directors, asked to sweep floor after meetings, less likely to speak to press
66
In relation to women and civil rights, this exclusionary hierarchy was directly in conflict with their commitment to what kind of democracy?
Participatory democracy
67
What is Participatory democracy?
an organizational ideology that discourages centralization of leadership and is non hierarchical
68
Who founded the Black women's liberation committee within SNCC in 1968?/ why?
Frances Beal. Looked at ways inter-sectionalstatus hierarchies intertwine and concreted structural hierarchies
69
What did Black power groups like the Black Panthers and Black muslims ephasize? (contrasts with MLK's Approach)
Black people should use violence as self defense when confronted with white violence.
70
When was the Black panther party formed, where, and who were the two notable leaders?
1966, oakland, california, Huey Newton, Bobby Seale
71
Who signed the civil rights act of 1964, and when?
President Johnson, july 2, 1964
72
What did the Civil rights act of 1964 emphasize?
Prohibited discrimination in public accomodations and made job discrimination illegal and allowed fed gov to withold any funds from any program found discriminationg
73
What Act followed after Civil rights act of 1964?
Voting rights act of 1965
74
What did the Voting rights act of 1965 emphasize?
Overturned centuries of black codes that thwarted black Americans to emphasize their constitutional right to vote
75
During the civil rights movement, Whites blindness to the oppression of black Americans was a matter of... what?
Convenience, and also an expression of white privilege.
76
When was the March on Washington, and how many people showed up?
1963, 200,000-300,000
77
Many civil rights scholars mark what year as then end of the civil rights movement?
1968, Assassination of MLK
78
What years occupied the Red Power Movement?
1969-1978
79
In 1950, what fed gov policy encouraged assimilation of Native americans by encouraging them to move into urban areas?
Termination policy. 35,000 indians moved to urban areas after gov cut funding. 1952-60
80
While NA faced challenges such as poverty, and police brutality, what was a unique challenge they faced in urban areas?
Feeling disconnected from their tribal cultures and feeling alienated from the white mainstream culture
81
When and where was the American Indian Movement founded?
In Minneapolis in 1968 at the National congress of american Indians.
82
What does Collective Memory refer to?
That set of beliefs about the past which nations citizens hold in common and publicly recognize as legitimate representations of their history
83
What did NA Challenge in relation to collective memory?
American history, who's history was being told, and the eurocentric bias
84
What is a Race Pride Movement?`
The reassertion of racial identity and cultures that have occurred since the mid 1960s
85
What type of activism did Red Power Activists engage in?
Cultural activism
86
What is Cultural activism?
Efforts to be able to freely live their native cultures by participating in traditional ceremonies, racially inclusive duration, learning and preserving native languages.
87
In a more broad overview, Cultural activism refers to?
ALL the efforts racial/ethnic minority groups engage in to sustain their cultures, cultures whites have actively attempted to destroy
88
What was the "Trail of Broken Treaties", when was it, who did they target?
1972, caravan of hundreds of native Americans occupied Bureau of Indian Affairs.
89
What was symbolic about AIM takeover of Wounded Knee in 1973?
It was a direct assault of collective memory
90
In relation to Indian womens activism what was one of the more major contributions Native American Women made?
Cultural preservation
91
What did the Navaho/Hopi Settlement act of 1974 do?
Required tens of thousands of NA to relocate off land after coal oil and uranium deposits found
92
When did Chicano activism begin?
in grape fields of california under leadership of civil rights activist cesar chavez, 1962, National Farm workers association, which later became to be known as United Farm Workers (UFM)
93
The Chicano movement involved what types of activism?
Economic, political, and cultural activism
94
UFM Played a significant role in getting what harmful pesticide banned??
DDT
95
In relation to Asian American Activism, what was Campaign for Redress
An official apology and reparations for the Japanese internment during WW2.
96
In relation to Asian American activism, and Campaign for Redress, what did the Civil Liberties act in 1988 do, and who signed it?
Ronald regan, authorized 1.25 billion in reparation payments to about 70,000 Japanese American survivors of the camps.
97
What is industrialization accopined by?
Urbanization
98
What is Urbanization?
Whereby increasing numbers of people live in cities rather than in rural areas
99
What does Income refer to?
the amount of money a person earns in a given period of time for work, social security, or some other government transfer payment
100
What does Wealth refer to?
A persons assets, which includes savings, retirement accounts and the equity in one's home. (Families economic assets minus their debts
101
What can wealth be transmitted to?
One generation to the next.
102
Sociologists have documented a significant Racial wage gap. What is a racial wage gap?
White workers earn more than nonwhite workers after controlling for education, skills and experience.
103
What was the racial wage gap in 1967 2003, and 2008 for white v black men?
1967- black men earned 65 percent compared to white men
2003- 78 percent
2008- 62 PERCENT
104
sOCILOGISTS ARGUE THAT WHAT IS MORE ENLIGHTENING TO EXPLORE TO UNDERSTAND RACIAL ECONOMIC INEQUALITY?
Racial wealth gap
105
What is the Racial Wealth Gap?
Gap in wealth between whites and people of color
106
What are Ethnic Enclaves?
Communities that are generally located in undesirable areas of a city that provide economic oppurtunities and residential options for ommigrants that otherwise struggle to find jobs and housing
107
What are ethnic enclaves an adaptive response to?
Racism and discrimination felt by certain immigrant groups
108
In relation to the thwarting of land ownership to minority groups, What si the significance of the 1862 Homestead act to Native americans?
the act transfered much of the great plains tribes land into the hands of white homesteaders
109
In relation to the thwarting of land ownership to minority groups, What did the 1913 Alien Land act do to Chinese and Japanese immigrants?
restricted non-citizens from owning land in California. This was after legislation was passed that made Chinese and Japanese immigrants illegal
110
What do Unemployment rates refer to?
Data collected from unemployment offices around the country. Report on those actively looking for work, and are unable to find it
111
What are the two limitations of unemployment rate statistics?
1. Discouraged workers
| 2. Underemployed workers
112
What are Discouraged workers?
Those who want to be employed, can't find work, get discouraged, no longer report to local unemployment office
113
What does Underemployed refer to?
People working part time or temp jobs so they transcend the unemployment category even though this work isn't that impactful to one's income and wealth
114
What does Joblessness refer to?
refers to not only those actively looking for work but those who have been marginalized from workforce and are no longer actively looking for work.
115
In the 1970's the US went through an economic restructuring refered to as what?
Deindustrialization
116
What is Deindustrialization?
The act of manufacturing jobs moving from northern and midwestern cities to nonunionized south or to third world locations to take advantage of cheap labor`
117
In relation to Deindustrilization, what demographic of workers were effected the most, and what statistic backs this up?
African Americans. from 1973-74 research shows 60-70 percent of laid off workers were AA, even when they only amounted to 10-12 percent of workforce
118
Why do Minorities suffer more from a recession?
Because they are usually the last hired and first fired.
119
What group faces negative employer perceptions about their work ethic and qualifications?
African Americans
120
Discriminatory employer hiring can be desribed as?
Statistical Discrimination
121
What is satatistical discrimination?
Individual applicants are disregarded based upon employer assumptions about inner city black workers in general
122
Racial Minorities in the US are much more likely to be poor than non-hispanic whites. T O F
True
123
What is The Poverty Line?
Designated income threshold based upon household size
124
If a household falls below the federal poverty threshold it is considered to be living in what?
Poverty
125
What is a major problem with the way the poverty line is constructed today?
It is based on estimation of the cost of a minimal food budget for dif family sizes, but food costs are relatively low, and housing costs are high, resulting in skewed data
126
What cities have been hit hardest by deindustrilization?
Northeastern and midwestern cities.
127
Deindustrilization hit African americans and latinos hard because of a pattern known as...?
Urbanization, they had a greater likelihood of living in cities.
128
Manufacturing jobs relocated from central cities to?
DISTANT SUBURBS
129
During the late twenith century as inner cities lost almost a million manufacturing jobs, the suburbs gained what?
Millions of manufacturing jobs
130
What does Spatial Mismatch thesis state?
A rocess in which blue collar manufacturing jobs which require low, or little skill move far away from the population of people limited to these skills
131
What is the working poor?
Households with at least one family member in labor force that still fall below the poverty line.
132
What is the feminization of poverty?
A pattern that describes female-headed households are disproportionately impoverished
133
What does the term underclass refer to?
the new face of poverty that emerged in reponse to deindustrilization.
134
Members of the UNDERCLASS are not just poor, they are...?
Chronically poor and living in areas of concentrated poverty
135
Members of the underclass share what similar charecteristics?
Young, able bodied, black
136
When and why did the underclass occur?
1970s 1980s, in northeastern and Midwestern metropolitan areas due to deindustrialization
137
What does residential segregation restrict for black families?
their oppurtunities for housing employment, and educational oppurtunities
138
Does the black middle class still experience the same amount of residential segregation as the black poor?
Yes.
139
What are two reasons that describe why the black middle class is in more of an economically precarious situation than a white middle class?
1. They tend to be conentrated in lower middle class jobs
| 2. they still tend to have less wealth
140
What are four things the bl;ack middle class struggles with that whote middle class families have a buffer from?
1. prozximity to povert
2. higher crime rates
3. poorer schools
4. fewer amenities
141
What is Quintessential to middle class membership in the US today?
Home Ownership
142
What is a subprime loan?
mortgage made to borrowers with lower credit rating; thus has a higher interest rate an less favorable terms than prime loans
143
What are Fluctuating Interest rates in relation subprime loans?
Fluctuating interest rate, or adjustable rate mortages which result in balloning payments over time
144
What demographic was targeted the most by subprime loans?
Black americans at a rate of 3 times compared to whites. Because of this they POC were overepresented in home forclosures
145
What are Social Policies?
refers to government policies and programs designed to help citizens meet their needs: Policies and programs that are intended to provide for some basic level of security for people.
146
In relation to social policies, what is race intimately connected with? whats an example of this
Social policies, As deindustrialization and suburbanization changed the racial demographics of cities, support for urban programs declined significantly
147
What do sociologits use the term Racial Apathy to refer to?
Social apathy describes the ways racial prejudice manifests itself among whites in the post-civil rights era
148
T o F Racial apathy refers to a lack of feeling or an indifference toward racial/ethnic inequality and an unwillingness to acknowledge or address racial/ethnic inequality.
true
149
Racial apathy is on the rise and has important political consequences because...?
Whites object to programs designed to address these inequalities
150
What does the term Racilization of The State explain/(define)?
Explains how state policies have interfered with the ability of black americans to accumulate wealth from the beginning of slavery throughout american history, while simultaneously supporting white wealth accumulation
151
What are mutual aid socities?
Formal ORganizations which provided aid to their members, serving as a saftey net during times when life circumstances overwhekmed members individua capabilities to provide for themselves or their families.
152
Historians found that during the late nineteenth and twentieth century, prior to the establishment of the social welfare state,most americans joined franternal and mutual aid societies to gain access to basic welfare benefits. T O F?
True
153
What does a Welfare State Refer to?
A collection of programs designed to assureeconomic security to all citizens by gaurenteeing the fundemental necesities of life: food, shelter, medical care, protection in childhood, and support in old age.
154
In relation to the welfare state, what did it emerge out of,/ what were the elements of what it emerged out of? (THink FDR)
The new deal, which was comprised of social security (old age, unemployment insurance, and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (ADC)
155
Sociologists argue that the welfare state has been racialized since its inception, citing that to secure passage of FDR's new deal legislation ________ was woven into policies and programs?
Racial inequality. thus allowing racial inequality to persist
156
New deal policies were designed to protect workers through the establishment of social security and unemployment insurance, however to apease to Southern democrats and secure their necesarry support of the legislation who was excluded from these programs?
Agricultural workers and domestic laborers
157
What did the exclusion of Agri and domestic workers do to them in relation to welfare?
Their employers did not pay into social security for thewir workers, as a result when they came of old age the workers could not collect social security
158
During this era, what demographic occupied agricultural labor, and domestic work?
Black men comprised the majority of agricultural workers, while black women comprised the majority of domestic labor
159
As a rsult of the racism inherent within the new deal what fraction of black americans were excluded from these programs?
3/5 black workers excluded from universal coverage
160
In relation to FDR'S legislation Wagner act of 1935, what did this do/establish?
Granted workers right to organize unions and right to collective barganing, provided many unskilled workers with leverage against employer abuses
161
While the wagner act of 1935 was great for white americans, what did this entail for african americans?
Well most labor unions, including the largest in the US American federation of labo, were racially segregated because it was legal, so AA lacked these new protections
162
What Did the Servicemen's readjustment act of 1944 popularly known as the GI bill do or provide beterans with?
Acess to higher education through tution funding and stipends, low-interest home and business loans, job training and placement, disability payments, and unemployment insurances
163
What are some early statistics on the GI bills success?
Helped 2.2 million ww2 vets attend college; helped pay for the training of 450,000 engineers, 180,000 doctors dentists, lawyers, 150,000 scientists, 360,000 school teachers, 243,000 accountants, 107,000 lawyers, 36,000 clergymen. Housing benefits helped 12 million americans buy a home
164
How was the GI Bill racialized?
For it to pass, required support of suthern democrats, which would only allow its passage if the administration of benefits would be at the State Level, limiting federal oversight of racist state practices
165
In relation to the racilization of the GI BILL how did the administration of the legislation at the state level propogate racist adminstration of the bill?
It allowed local administrations to maintain their systems of racial inequality.
166
In relation to the racilization of the GI BILL states who assumed racist policies with the new legislation were able to discourage black veterans from attempting to maintain their rightful benefits or...?
Blantantly deny them access.
167
What group did the GI BILL help become white
Jewish americans
168
The Us is the only industrialized nation in the world that does not...?
Offer health care to its citizens as a right
169
Why did southern democrats obstruct a universal healthcare system for nearly two thirds of a century?
Feared it would interfere with local racial practices in the south such as segregated hospitals and denial of staff privileges to black physicians
170
What was a big reaso healthcare reform passed in 2010
Because of the skyrocketing costs of jealth care associated with the private healthcare system
171
What is Race Bating?
Using, racially derisive language, was blatant prior to the civil rights movement stratagies from the 1970s have tended to be more subtle
172
What is health insurance tied to in the US?
Employment specifically full time employment, and as a rsult of various reasons black and other poc levels of unemployment are higher than that of white americans
173
What is Population control?
Government attempts to alter the rate of a nations population growth. Controlling of womens reproductive rights through these programs
174
What is Race Suicide?
During layte 19th century. Concern of decling birth rates of whites, and incease in birth rates of immigrants and percieved increase of birthrates of racial minority grouos
175
What is the reality of race suicide?
Black pop in south was growing much more slowly tan that of the white population
176
What is eugenics?
An extensionof scientific racism and refers to programs that promote genetic purity in a society that work to increase certain desirable charecteristicsin a society and decreases less desirable traits
177
In ealy years of birth control movement, white women were ____ while black women were____ (More than a one word answer?
White women- considered fit to procreate, while socially undesirable women were prevented from procreating.
178
What was one tactic used to inhibit socially undesirable women from procreating?
Forced sterilizations, used to achieve goals of eugenics movement
179
Why does affirmative action exist?
Because there are various inequities in the labor market that exists and it is inherently unequal
180
What are some examples of affirmative action being unequal?
Women and poc have not had the same oppurtunities that white men have has, afrim action is inteded to address these discrepancies
181
What is Affirmative action? (definition)
A collection of policies designed to promote equal employment opportunities for women and racial minorities and to fight institutional racism in the economic sphere. It's designed to keep discrimination form occuring
182
What was the executive order that put afrm action in placer, and who ordered it (Which president)
Lyndon b johnson, executive order 11246
183
In relation to affirmative action, is the myth that it creates quotas to hire less qualified people true?
No, the office for federal contract compliance of the Department of Labor actually prohibits the establishment of quotas. an employer is never required to hire someone less qualified for a position no matter the candidates race or gender.
184
What is Residential segregation?
urban areas that are disproportionately composed of people of color while suburban and rural communities are almost all white.
185
What does research posit is the cause of resedential segregation?
Historic and ongoing policies and practices that have restricted housing options for poc and often with the goal of creating all white communities
186
What do sociologists denton and massey argue about residential segregation?
That residential segregation is the primary cause of racial inequality rather than merely an effect of racial inequality
187
Residential segregation in america is the result of the exlusion of blacks and other racial minorities from suburban and rural communities or between white and nonwhite neighborhoods through violence, racuisrt gov policies some of which linger to this day. True of False?
True
188
What are sundown towns?
The emergence of all white communities during 1st half of 20th century, where locals used violence to run blacks out and keep them out by placing inflamatory signs at their city limits
189
What housing development became the model of suburbanization post ww2?
Levittown in NY
190
William Levit the owner of levittown developments refused to sell homes to who, why?
Black people fearing a negative reaction from whites.
191
What are Whitopias?
Towns that are much whiter than the nation as a whole
192
What are some of the devestating effects felt by racial minorites as a result of residential segregation?
Concetration of poverty, limits employment, and educational oppurutnties for minorities
193
What is Hypersegregation?
Extreme segregation where blacks are so isolated that they only rarely share neighborhoods with whites and they are concentrated in v small areas
194
In relation to residential segregation, this kind of concentrated poverty amplifies what social problems?
Crime, drugs, dysfunctional schools, joblessness, and isolation.
195
The FHA instituted what practice? (In relation to residential segregation
Redlining
196
What was the FHA (Federal housing adminstration) formed out of?
It was a government agency formed out of the new deal, protecting lenders from loan defaults
197
What is Redlining?
Labeling areas of the city that are predominantly black as risky to creditors thus ensuring most black families were ineligible for federally insured loans which meant banks would not extend loans to them
198
As a result of redlining where were most AA confined to during the 20th century?
Ghettos. They were stuck because of their inability to recieve loans as aresult of the fha's practice of redlining
199
The FHA also encouraged residential discrimination through what?
Restrictive covenants
200
What are restrictive covenenats and how dod they intensify Residential segregation?
Restrictive covenants are language on a deed or sales contract that the buyer agrees not to sell home to a member of a specific group ( Most aa were stipulated in restrictive covenants)
201
How long were restrictive covenants enforced by law until?
1948
202
The new deal and the GI Bill helped create and maintain _______________
Residential segregation
203
What is White flight?
The mass exodus of whites from urban areas to the suburbs
204
How does redlining contribute to the racial wealth gap in the twentieth century?
There were policies and government actions put in place that supported the bolstering of white wealth acculation, while inhibiting black wealth accumulation. The most notably being therough the act of whote people being able to cash in on their GI bill and purchase homes in the suburbs because their neighborhoods were green lined so they were able to recieve a loan, while black vets cvouldnt cash in on their bill, and because of the fact that states were still allowed to enforce their racist policies which disauded blacks from collecting benefits or outright denything them, and also because bl;ack peoples neighborhoods were redlined, they were unable to recieve home loans, because they were labeled as a risk to lendors, thus thwartting their chances of moving out into the suburbs and being confiened to the ghetto.
205
What is environmental racism ?
Minorities exposure to environmental pollutants or hazards. ANd, whereby any policy or practice differentially affects a group based upon its race or color shifting industry costs onto communities of color
206
Communities who are exposed to unjust forms of envi racism are targeted by what kinds of environmental pollutants and hazards?
Toxic waste sites, facilities, landfills, incierators, chemical production facilities , and a host of other polluting industries
207
Is envi racism an issue of class?
No, because middle class black families are targeted by polluters as much as lower class black families q
208
What is the most common form of envi racism Native Americans face?
Radioactive contamination as so much of the fed governments nuclear weapins production occurs on tribal lands
209
Why does the gov and corporations target these areas that are exposed to this envi racism?
Because the are assumed to be vunerable percisely because they are poor and politically unoirganized.
210
What is the Environmental Justice Movement?
Began in 1982 This movement merges issues and tactics of the 1960s civil rights movement and the environmental movement of the 1970s to challenge polluting industriesand their practices making ej a civil rights issue
