Test 1 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
What is Sociology?
A
The academic discipline that studies group life: society, social interaction and human social behavior.
2
Q
What do sociologists who study race and ethnicity focus on?
A
Historical and current conflicts between racial/ethnic groups, the emergence of racial and ethnic identities, racial/ethnic inequality, and priovellage, racial ideologies
3
Q
What does Race Specifically refer to?
A
A group of people that share some socially defined physical charecteristics.
4
Q
What are some example of racially defines physical charecteristics?
A
skin color, hair texture, or facial features
5
Q
What is Ethnicity?
A
A group of people that share a culture, nationality, ancestry, and or language. Physical appearance is not associated.
6
Q
What do social scientist think about race and ethnicity as?
A
A social construction, rather than biological reality
7
Q
What is a social construction?
A
A term that describes how something has come to be through a social means uch as reinforcement through an instituion like education media etc
8
Q
Are race and ethnicity mutually exclusive?
A
No. Think of frican american or an afro-latinx person
9
Q
Why does the text use the term Racial/ethnic?
A
to acknowledge that race and ethnicity overlap. Black person who ientifies with latinx community. that are not exclusive terms
10
Q
What dos the terminology People of Color represent?
A
Groups of color/ racial ethnic minority groups that have been subject to racial or ethnic discrimination in the US
11
Q
Why would using the term non white be a form of benevolent racism.
A
It reinforces white as the norm to which all other groups are defined. Putting whittness at the front of things
12
Q
Sociologists use the term minority or subordinate group to express what?
A
patterned inequality along group lines
13
Q
What does a minority group refer to?
A
a group that is cumulitavely disadvantaged in proportion to their population size,
14
Q
What is an example of a minority group?
A
Native americans because they are dispro portiantely impovershed-
15
Q
What is a Majority or Dominant group?
A
A group that holds a disproportiante share of society’s power and resources. IE White people in US
16
Q
What does Racism refer to?
A
Any attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, whether intentional or unintentional, which threaten, harm, or disadvantage members of one racial/ethnic group, or the group itself over another.
17
Q
What is prejudice?
A
A belief that is not based upon evidence but instead upon preconceieved notions and stereotypes that are not subject to change even with contrary evidence.
18
Q
What do most people think of when they hear racism?
A
Individual discrimination
19
Q
What is individual discrimination?
A
discriminatory actions taken by individuals against members of a subordinate group
20
Q
What is an example of individual discriinatiion?
A
not hiring people because they are black
21
Q
What is institutional racism?
A
found in everday business prctices and polcies that disadvantage minorities and offer advantages to dominant group members
22
Q
What is an example of institutional racism?
A
schools relying on personal property taxes for majority of funding but this system disadvantages poor communities and communities of color which translates into underfunded schools.
23
Q
Race and racism are constantly changing, wht are some influences?
A
changing social contexts, societal dmands, social movements, varying political climates, etc
24
Q
What is a color blind ideology?
A
dominates us culture// the idea that we don’t see race that racism is a thing of the past and if racial inequality exists it must be due to other factors such as cukture or personal ineptitude.
25
What is color consciousness?
Recognizing race and difference rather than pretending we din't allows us to celebrate difference without implying difference is equivilent tinferiority
26
What is standpoint perspective?
The way we view the world is influenced by our particular soial statuses such as race class gender and sexuality
27
What is the emphasis and focus of socilogy on?
Patterns, not outliers or the expeptuons to the rules, but rather the groups and patterns of behaviors that exist as the majority for that group
28
When is it that we truly grow?
Through some discomfort
29
What is Self reflexivity?
examining our conscious and unconscious beliefs about race
30
what does it mean to be self reflexive?
to engage in ongoing convrsation wity ourselcves concerning what we are learning about race and to reflect on how it irrors our experiences or challenges our long held assumptions.
31
What does self reflexivity allow us to do?
recognize that we ar all oppressors. recognize not only societal racism but the inevitable racism within us.
32
What does paul Kivel argue we must do when engaging in anti racist work?
Trust the stories told by people of color concerning their experiences with racism and discrimination rather than disregarding them.
33
White people's racism get's reinforced by what institutions?
media, family, educational
34
racism backed by institutions can be understood as?
Prejudice plus power
35
What are cultural norms?
are unquestioned practices or beliefs and thus are invisible and taken for granted.
36
Racism manifests itself not only in attitudes, but in..?
cultural belief systems, individual actions, and institutional practices.
37
Because POC do not collectively hold enough ppositions of power they tend not to..?
have a smuch influence in creating cultural belief systems known as raciaal ideologies or institutional practices.
38
What is Racial Justice activism?
or antiracist activism, groups who actively engage to bring racism to an end.
39
What is Race Privilege?
The advantages associated with being amember of a society's dominant race. Gives yout he privilege to think or even question race.
40
What people tend to be most inclined to question the validity of race?
Those who are in the racial margins, for example, biracial multiracial individuals.
41
Why do bi, and multi racial tend to question the valididty of race more?
Their very exsistence challenges our societal racial catergoraztion system, that you are or can be apart of one racial group. However, many are apart of more,
42
What do bi/ multiracial people expose in our society?
That race is not real in a biological sense
43
What does it mean to say that race is a Socially Constructed phenomenon?
Race is not biologically or genetically determined, racial categories, groupos of people differentiated by their physical characteristics, are given particular meaning by particular societies.
44
What is colorism?
lighter skinned citizens hold a higher social status.
45
When we think about race as a socail construction, what is an example from peru and brazil that backs up this notion?
Peru: race determined by educational attainment, social class, and certain cultural markers, fluid, can change
Brazil:colorism, lighterskinned people hold higher social status
46
Race changes across what?
Time and space.
47
In our society what do we attach to race?
Specific salient meaning toward physical charecteristics, that can result in some serious consequences
48
What are some examples of white groups that were once considered nonwhite
greek americans, italian americans, irish americans, and jewish americans. appearance never changed but their social status did.
49
In relation to Race Geneticists have not found what?
A gene that is strictly found in one racial group and not in another
50
In the US what is a major example of race as a social construction.
The cenus. Since the 1790's the census catergraztion system has changed extisiveleyover time reinforcing tgat race is socially constructed.
51
What is a Quadroons?
The child of a white person and a mullatto.
52
What is a octoroon?
The child of a white person and a quadroon, thus someone having one black grandparent.
53
There are many terms to describe one's race, however people feel they might...?
Be politically incorrect if they are wrong.
54
Individuals of different racial/ethnic background choose what they want to be called: T O F?
True
55
What are some terms used by black people in this country that they identify with?
Black, african american.
56
What does the term chicano/a mean?
Created by mexican american activist to imply they were both mexican and american, and they used this as a pride/ identity.
57
What is an innapropriate term to call an asian american?
Oreintal, it is outdated and offinsive, instead refer to someone as chinese american, korean american, etc or what they prefer as their identity.
58
Ideologies are not just powerful they..?
operate in the service of power by providing a frame for interperting the world.
59
In relation to Ideology, it is through the cultural belief system that so many nonwhite groups (and white groups for that matter) embrace what?
The racial hierarchy and embrace racism as a way to obtain white privillege.
60
What is the dominant racial ideology in the US?
That would be colorblindness.
61
Colorblindness supports white privilege because?
It supports the idea that allows us as a society to claim we do not see race, thus ignoring white privilege and disparities faced by POC
62
In relation to "The social construction of race and ethnicity", What does Ideology mean?
Our cultural belief system (norms, common beliefs
63
In relation to "The social construction of race and ethnicity", What do Institutions mean?
The everyday practice that rationalize race as natural (school, education, media, religion, family structure)
64
In relation to "The social construction of race and ethnicity", What does Identities mean?
How our self perception shapes our interpersonal (between) and intrapersonal (by yourself) interactions (Friendships, love, etc)
65
What does racialization mean?
The way in whcih we give meaning to racial categories. that harbors and manifest itself in three diffrent ways. Ideologies, institutions, and identities.
66
How are our friendships racialized?
We tend to be friends our love people who look like us. More likely to have racially homogenous networks
67
The power of color blind ideology is three fold. What are the three elements that consist of it?
We ignore Racism, We Ignore white privilege, we perceive whiteness as the norm.
68
In relation to colorblind ideology, what does "We ignore racism" constitute?
That we live in a racist society, but when individual's attach to a colorblind ideology it relinquishes their responsibility fir it, and to acknowledge it. "barricades whites from the us's racial reality.
69
In relation to color blind ideology, what does, "we ignore white privilege? mean?
IN a color blind society, by assuming a color blind narrative, you ignore the advantages systematically given to white people in this country, and you can ignore racism
70
In relation to color blind ideology, what does, " We percieve whiteness as the norm" mean?
color blindness, perpetuates the idea the whiteness is the norm and as synomynous w racial neutrality.
71
What is an example of "We perceive Whiteness as the norm?
Floods in Neworleans in 2004. People were outraged tht race was mentioned (black people were left behind nd drowing) but a majority were poor black people who had no transportation out. By ignoring this fact, wite people were able to perpetuate this racial ideology and ignore the plight expeirnced by these black people.
72
Racial Ideologies change over...?
Time as culture changes.
73
What is essntial that we do in relation to racial ideologies?
That we recognize how they manifest in dif eras, gauge the inflience of such ideologies, and recognize how the dominant group benefits from such ideologies.
74
How have POC been forced to think about raical conscious or rac e?
As something essential to who they are, how they are percieved and how they see themselves
75
How have white people perceived their racial conscious/ race?
Whites develop a a white racial identity without much concious , thought, or discussion.
76
Identities are more than personal, they are what?
Products of particular sociohistorical eras.
77
If all racial identities are sociohistorical white identities like all other racial idntites are what?
are social historical political constructions.
78
Identities are political and...?
They are a response to changing social and political contexts.
79
In relation to the stages of whote racial identity development what is the first stage?
Whites have had little contact ith other poc and have developed a superiority over others based on racial sterotypes and media repersentations. Percieve POC in strereotypical and harmful ways. most whites never proress beyond stage one
80
In relation to the stages of whote racial identity development what is the 2nd stage?
This stage is charecterized by fear and guilt that stems from seeing themselves as holding racial prejudices. see racism as a privilege, some respond through retrenchment which is third stage.
81
In relation to the stages of whote racial identity development what is the 3rd stage
Whites deal with fear by blaming victims declaring racial inequality is the fault of minorities. Not all regress this way, most progress to develop a healthy white identity not based on guilt or superioity
82
What did Native American activism do in the 1970's in relation to race?
Resulted in more individuals identitfying themselves as native american.
83
In eras like civil rights, and BLM eras it has pushed whites to do what..?
they began to claim their whitness, most likely for the reasons that they possibly saw their priveileges and entitlements as being challenged.
84
Just as racial discrimination can be found in social institutions , what are the some of these same places that suport/maintain white privilege?
Banks/lending institutions, educationl systems, media, religious institutions, government.
85
What is institutional privilege?
Privileges given to the dominant group through institutions through the form of customs, norms, traditions, laws, and public policies that benefit whites.
86
When examining institutional privilege it is beenficial to do what?
examine what policy or practice benefits or disadvantages certain groups and how?
87
What is one institutional privilege notiable that has been created and perpetuated since the existence of the US?
The accumulation of wealth of whites. Whites wealth was bult ff of the backs of slavery which disporportiantely exculded and hiundered black people from assuming wealth or domanince as whites did.
88
What have Black people been systematically excluded from?
Wealth creation: slavery, government policies like redlinging, mass incarceration, war on drugs, resedetial segregation, excluson fro workforce, underfunded schools, poverty stricken neighborhoods as a result of redlining.
89
How was the european american land grab, and genocide of native americans a systematic way that white people gained wealth while native american lost wealth
In the US and in white mainstream cultute, and in our culture todaqy, owning land is a significgant way at materializing and creating wealth. moreover, there were many laws put in place restricting NA to own land thus thwarting their accumulation of wealth
90
Until the 1960's laws explicitly excluded POC from doing what?
Obtaining business loans in many places, while white people were subsidized in obtaining their own homes establishing wealth for generations to come
91
Federl reserve studies today show that white and black people who have similar econ situations to whites have what...?
Recieve fewer home loans even when econ situations are the same
92
In relation to that federal reserve report what was found between white and black peple?
the poorest white applicant eas more likely to recieve a mortgage loan approved than a black person in the hoighest income bracket.
93
Ideologies of white supremacy do what?
Fuel white identities of entitlement, and the isntitutions that deny access to anyone but whites is deemed acceptable.
94
Ideologies of color blindness do what?
Fuel a raceless narrative identity for whites to ignore this ongoing racism in our society, while enjoying race privilege.
95
White privilege allows whites to do what?
Ignore their race and the advantages associated with it.
96
The first thing white person must do to effictvely fight racism is to...?
Listen and not invalidate the experiences faced by black people and POC.
97
What's one reason white antiracist workers give for organizing for an end to rcism?
A moral one, that it is an unjust system that dehimanizes people, and it should be dismantled
98
What is important for racial justice activist?
Having healthier communities, more empowered citizens, and more human culture that focuses on copassion and community.
99
In relation to how racist econoic systes hurt whites as well what is an example of this?
an affluent 20 percent of whites reap the benefits of whiteness.
100
Having a labor force divided along racial lines does what?
Deflates all workers wages.
101
In relation to the prison industrial complex, how do racial inequaity effect black citizens (and sometimes whites)?
Mass incaceration and the war on drugs disproportiantely incriminates black americans in this country, locking them up and out of society but keeping them in private prisons costs citizens more tax dollars rather than supporting schools or communities for instace.
102
For jewish americans they were not always considered white, how did they gain this status?
Through socia class and social mobility, thus highlightinh the notion that race is a social construction and ascriptive.
103
What is Annexation?
when one group (like the US) take territory formerly under control of another group (Mexican government) through military action or cooperative agreement.
104
What is Cultural Genocide?
The efforts to destroy the culture of a group of people
105
What is an example of cultural genocide
Slaves were forcibly taken from west africa and stripped of their language culture, and families, in addition to their loss of freedom and humanity
106
What is Genocide?
The deliberate systematic attempt at eradication of a group of people.
107
In relation to Whites and native americans how did genocide play out?
Whites introduced disease, war forced relocation and cultural denigration.
108
What does Racialization of state policy mean?
How gov. policies, have impaired the ability of blacks to accumulate wealth and facilitated white wealth accumulation.
109
What are some examples of racilization of state policy
Slavery. segregation, indian removal act, redlining.
110
What is a Racial Dictatorship?
Having most minorites alienated from the political process
111
What is a racial democracy?
Where all racial groups share in our democracy and thus hold at least a minimum of political power
112
Who was complicit in the maintenance of the racial heirarchy in the us/ history?
The state
113
What is Social Mobility?
Their opprtunities for economic advancement and their chances at moving into a higher social class
114
Whose social mobbility was hindered throughout us history?
Colonized minorities., who were enslaved or faced severe labor market marginilzation
115
What does Stratification mean?
Groups are seperated into different categories based on group privileges or inequality
116
What are the three ways racial and ethnic stratification occur for inequality to emerge?
1. ethnocentrism
2. Must be some oppurtunity for exploitation, a group that holds economic, geographic, technological advancement over another group in where they can exploit that group
3. Must be unequal power in which one group is able to dominante a subordiante group
117
In relation to the three ways racial/ethnic stratification occur, how can this be explained through europeans expoitation of africans, mexicans, and native americans?
1. All of these groups (africans, native americans, mexicans) were non-christian thus were considered inferior
2. Europeans were motivated to exploit them for the economic benefit gained from their land and labor.
3. Since they had more sophisticated weapons they were able to achieve this
118
How is capitalism directly related to racism?
Europeans were motivated to make a profit in this new world becauise of the abundance of resources and land aaliable, but the only problem was the extraction, so, to do this they captured and enslaved africans and justified he enslavement by racial inferioirity.
119
Cultural beliefs of superiority and inferiority among racial linesoccured when?
100 yrs after the alve trade began in 1667 1682 as a way to justify the exploitation off africans
120
Before sperating people in stratas or hierarchies, what was the significant indicator of division among groups?
Christians and non chistians (in a v white view of the world)
121
What is Ethnocentrism?
Where one group feels their culture has a sense of superiority over another groups culture.
122
Capitalism as an economic system emerged in conjunction with what?
Colonialism
123
What is an example of colinialism?
The european contact with and exploitation and domination of native americans, africans, and asians
124
What did euopeans do in the colanlist process?
Took advantage of these people for their land labor and resources and then created racial ideologies cultural belif systems to justify such treatment.
125
How did racial prejudices benefit white capitalists?
They could exploit black workers and keep white workers from realizing their potential solidarity with the black working class.
126
What does a Split labor market theory say about racial/ethnic conflict?
It's linked to capitalism but not only wealthy whiotes perpetuate racism. White workers fuel anatagonisms between racial groups that benefit them in the workplace
127
What is the structure of Split labor market theory
1. Capitalists/ owners
2. Higher paid labor (white workers)
3. Cheaper labor (racial/ethnic groups)
128
Why were africans chosen for slavery?
relatively inexpensive (costing same for a lifetime as indentured servnt for a few years), non christian- thus percieved as not fully human, less likely viewed to run away, presumed better for the climate andagricultural work for the south.
129
What did White slave historians write about in relation to africans
They perpetuated the notion that they were inferior childlike primitive and that whte people had to take care of them
130
How do africans represent a colonized minority?
brought into country involntarily, Forced to participate in culture that was not theirs; expeirenced denigration of their culture; ajnd forced to engage in free labor for over 240 years
131
Blacks were oppressed and kept economically...?
SUBORDINATE FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS INFLUENCING SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS TODAY AS WEALTH AND THE LACK OF IT AS CUMULATIVE.
