Quiz 2 Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Stratum Basale
A
Single layer, cuboidal or columnar cells
Only living and dividing layer
2
Q
Stratum spinosum
A
Thick, cuboidal cells
Living but not dividing
3
Q
Stratum granulosum
A
Apoptosis starts because of keratinization
4
Q
Stratum lucidum
A
Only in thick skin
Palms of hands, soles of feet
5
Q
Stratum corneum
A
Upper layers of skin
6
Q
Carotene
A
Precursor of vitamin A which is used for pigments for vision
Stored in stratum corneum, fatty areas of dermis and subcutaneous layer when you eat too much
7
Q
Melanin
A
Synthesized from tyrosine by melanosomes
High level of melanocytes in epidermis of penis, nipples and areolae, face and limbs, mucous membranes
Exposure to UV light > DNA damage > melanin production
8
Q
What differs about melanin between people?
A
Number of melanocytes stays the same
Amount of pigment produced varies
9
Q
Mole
A
Overgrowth of melanocytes
10
Q
Papillary region
A
Made of areolar connective tissue
Upper 1/5 of dermis
11
Q
Reticular region
A
Bottom 4/5 of dermis
Dense irregular connective tissue
12
Q
Sebaceous glands
A
Around hair follicles
Produce sebum or oil
13
Q
Sudoriferous apocrine glands
A
Come around puberty, pubic areas
Larger
14
Q
Sudoriferous eccrine (merocrine) glands
A
Involved in thermal regulation
Smaller
Sweat glands
15
Q
Vellus hair
A
Peach fuzz
16
Q
Terminal hair
A
On head
Eyebrows, eyelashes, hair
17
Q
Intermediate hair
A
Arms and legs
18
Q
Arrector pili muscle
A
Stands hair follicle up
In papillary layer
19
Q
Pacinian corpuscle
A
Layered
Deep pressure and vibration
Hypodermis
20
Q
Meissner’s corpuscle
A
In papilla (bumps) Light touch
21
Q
Ruffini corpuscle
A
Reticular layer
Stretching
22
Q
Merkel cells
A
Stratum basale
Very fine touch
23
Q
Cyanosis
A
Blood is not picking up adequate oxygen from lungs. Mucous membranes, nail beds and skin appears bluish. Increased quantity of methemoglobin
24
Q
Jaundice
A
Build up of the bilirubin in the skin. Yellowish appearance to skin and sclerae of eyes. Indicate liver disease
25
Erythema
Redness of skin. Caused by engorgement of capillaries in the dermis. Due to skin injury, exposure to heat, infection, inflammation or allergic reactions.
26
Facial blushing
Erythema in the thin skin of the face
27
Pallor
Paleness of skin. Occurs in shock or anemia.
28
Lips Stratum corneum
Thin SC that blood vessels show through
| Darker skin - examine nail beds and gums
29
Burns causes
Excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity or corrosive chemicals that denature proteins in the skin cells
30
First degree burns
Involves only epidermis
Characterized by mild pain and erythema but no blisters
Skin functions remain intact
Flush with cold water
Heal in 3-6 days, accompanied by flaking or peeling
Mild sunburn
31
Second degree burns
Destroys portion of epidermis and possibly parts of dermis
Some skin functions are lost
Redness, blister formation, edema and pain
Associated structures usually not injured
Heal in 3-4 weeks, scarring may result
32
Third degree burns
Most skin functions are lost
Destroys portion of epidermis, underlying dermis and associated structures
Marked edema and region is numb because sensory nerve endings are destroyed
Regeneration is slow, granulation tissue forms
Skin grafting (integra)
33
Partial thickness burns
First degree and second degree burns
34
Full thickness burns
Third degree burns
35
5 Systemic Impacts of Burns
1. Large loss of water, plasma and plasma proteins (causes shock)
2. Bacterial infection
3. Reduced circulation
4. Decreased production of urine
5. Diminished immune responses
36
Rule of Nines
1. 9% if both anterior and posterior surfaces of head and neck
2. 9% for both anterior and posterior surfaces of each upper limb (18% for both)
3. 4x9 or 36% for both anterior and posterior surfaces of the trunk, including buttocks
4. 9% for anterior and 9% for posterior surfaces of each lower limb (36% for both)
5. 1% for perineum
37
Skin graft
Covering wound with patch of healthy skin from donor sites
Protects against fluid loss and infection, promotes tissue healing, reduces scar formation, prevents loss of function and cosmetic reasons
Autograft or isograft (identical twin)
38
Autologous skin transplantation
Keratinocytes from self are cultured
39
Apligraft and transite
Grown in laboratory from foreskin of circumsized infants
40
Hemangiomas
Birthmark, local benign tumor of skin and subcutaneous layer that results from abnormal increase in number of blood vessels
41
Eczema
Inflammation of skin. Patches of red, blistering, dry, extremely itchy skin.
Prominent in skin creases
Begins in infancy, children may outgrow
Cause is unknown but linked to genetics and allergies
42
Psoriasis
Chronic skin disorder in which keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal from SB to SC. Surface cells never get a chance to cycle into the alter keratinizing stages and are shed prematurely
43
Dandruff
Psoriasis on scalp
44
Keloid
Elevated, irregular darkened area of excess scar tissue cause by collagen formation during healing. Extends beyond original tissue and is tender and frequently painful.
Affects dermis and underlying subcutaneous tissue
After trauma, surgery or severe acne
45
Erysipelas
Streptococcal infection of skin. May become systemic and involve lymphatic and cardiovascular systems. Characterized by sharp margin
46
Pressure/decubitis ulcers
Lesion through skin or mucous membranes caused by a constant deficiency of blood to tissues.
Often overlies bony projection exposed to prolonged pressure against an object
47
Hives/Urticara
Skin with reddened, elevated patches that are often itchy. Caused by infections, physical traumas, emotional stresses, food additives and allergies
48
Transdermal drug administration
Adhesive skin patch with drug that passes across epidermis into blood vessel of dermis
I.e.: nicotine, fentanyl
49
Acne
Inflammation of sebaceous glands at puberty when sebaceous glands are stimulated by androgens.
Occurs predominately in sebaceous follicles colonized by bacteria which thrive in lipid rich sebum
50
Cystic Acne
Causes cyst or sac of connective tissue cells to form which can destroy and displace epidermal cells
51
Vitiligo
Partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin produces irregular white spots
Maybe caused by immune response? Antibodies attacking melanocytes
52
Basal cell carcinomas
78% of skin cancers
| tumors arise from stratum basale and rarely metastasize
53
Squamous cell carcinomas
20% of skin cancers
| tumors arise from stratum spinosum and have a variable tendency to metastasize
54
Non-melanomas
Basal and squamous cell carcinomas
| 50% more common in males
55
Malignant melanomas
2%
Arise from from melanocytes
Risk is 1/75 due to depletion of ozone and more time in sun
Metastasize rapidly and kill within months of diagnosis
56
ABCD of Malignant Melanomas
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter (>6 mm)
57
Areolar Connective Tissue
```
Functions
1. Strength
2. Elasticity
3. Support
Location ("packing material")
1. Subcutaneous layer around organs
2. Lamina propria
```
58
Adipose Connective Tissue
```
Functions
1. Reduces heat loss through skin
2. Energy reserve
Location (mainly with areolar)
1. Around heart and kidneys
2. Padding around joins
```
59
Reticular Connective Tissue
```
Functions
1. Binds together smooth muscle tissue in cells
2. Filters and removes RBCs in spleen
Location
1. Bone marrow
2. Spleen and lymph nodes
```
60
Dense regular tissue
```
Functions
1. Provides strong attachment between structures
2. Withstands tension along axis
Location
1. Tendons
2. Ligaments
```
61
Dense Irregular TIssue
Function: provides tensile strength in many directions
Location
1. Pericardium
2. Heart valves
62
Elastic Connective Tissue
Function: allows stretching of organs
Location (with transitional epithelium)
1. Lung wall
2. True vocal chords
63
Hyaline Cartilage
Function (weakest cartilage): smooth surface for movement at joints
Location
1. Nose
2. Trachea
64
Fibrocartilage
Function (strongest, rigid): support and join structures together
Location
1. Pubic symphysis
2. Menisci
65
Elastic Cartilage
```
Function
1. Provides strength and elasticity
2. Maintains shape of certain structures
Location
1. Auricle
2. Auditory (eustachian) tubes
```
66
Fixed cells
```
Fibroblasts
Fixed macrophages
Adipocytes
Mesenchymal cells
Melanocytes
```
67
Wandering cells
Free macrophages
Mast cells
Lymphocytes
Microphages
68
Fibroblasts
Most abundant, large, star shaped
Produce fibers and components of extracellular matrix
Found in all general connective tissue
69
Fixed macrophages
White blood cells
| irregularly shaped and utilized to engulf invaders and damaged cells by phagocytosis
70
Where are fixed macrophages found?
Aveolar- lungs
| Splenic- spleen
71
Adipocytes
Fat cells, number varies between types of connective tissues
| Found around organs and deep in skin
72
Mesenchymal cells
Stem cells, respond to local injury or infection by dividing to produce new cells
73
Melanocytes
```
Produce melanin (a dark brown pigment), common in epithelial tissue
Also found in connective tissue
```
74
Free macrophages
Like fixed macrophages but are free to circulate throughout connective tissues
Blood - monocytes
75
Mast cells
Small, mobile cells found near blood vessels
| Secrete histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation in response to injury/infection
76
Lymphocytes
Migrate throughout the body and increase in number where tissue damage occurs
Can develop into plasma cells which produce antibodies
77
Neutrophils
Gather at sites of infection
Respond to chemicals released by macrophages and mast cells
Phagocytic
Microphage
78
Eosinophil
Gather at sites of parasitic invasions and allergic responses
Respond to macrophages and mast cells
Phagocytic
Microphages
79
Collagen fibers
Relatively thick, thread-like and composed of collagen
Occur in long, parallel bundles
Withstand force when pulled along axis
Hard to see in light microscopy
80
Elastic fibers
Thinner and form complex networks - branched
| Return to original length after stretching
81
Reticular fibers
Highly branched and delicate supporting networks
| Able to resist forces applied from many directions
82
Simple squamous epithelium
Function
1. Sites of filtration, diffusion and secretion. Not found in areas of mechanical stress
Location
Lines cardiovascular and lymphatic system (endothelium)
Serous membranes such as peritoneum, pluera and pericardium (mesothelium)
Air sacs of lungs, Bowman's capsule of kidneys, inner surface of tympanic membrane
83
Nonkeratinized Stratified squamous epithelium
Function
Protection against abrasion, water loss, UV radiation, and foreign invasion. First line of defense against microbes
Location
Line wet surfaces such as mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis, part of pharynx, vagina and tongue
84
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Function
Secretion and absorption
Location
Surface of ovary, anterior surface of capsule of lens of eye, pigmented epithelium at posterior surface of retina, lines kidney tubules and smalls ducts, secretory portion of glands like thyroid and ducts like pancreas
85
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Function
Protection and limited secretion and absorptions
Location
Ducts of adult sweat glands, esophageal glands and part of male urethra
86
Transition epithelium
Function
It allows the urinary organs to stretch to hold a variable amount of fluid without rupturing, while serving as a protective lining.
Location
Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra
87
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
Function
Cilia beat to move mucus and foreign particles
Location
Lines bronchioles, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, paranasul sinuses, central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain
88
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Function
Secretes mucus that traps foreign particle, cilia sweep away. Absorption and protection
Location
Airways of upper respiratory tract
89
Stratified columnar epithelium
Function
Protection and secretion
Location
Lines part of urethra, large excretory ducts (esophageal glands), small areas in anal mucous membrane, and conjunctiva of eye
90
Keratonized stratified squamous epithelium
Function
Protection against abrasion, water loss, UV radiation, and foreign invasion. First line of defense against microbes
Location
Superficial layer of skin
