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BCS 152-Language and Psycholinguistics > Quiz #2 > Flashcards

Quiz #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Garret’s model of speech production

A

Message–>functional (semantic and syntactic relationship of content words)–>positional (function words inserted) –>sound (phonological forms)–>articulatory instructions

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2
Q

Lexicalization: 2-stage process

A
  1. Lemma level

2. Lexeme level

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3
Q

What is the lemma level?

A

Meaning-based: semantics, “pre-phonological form” (concept)

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4
Q

What is the lexeme level?

A

Sound-based: phonology

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5
Q

Repetition-primed

A

Given the definition (“It rises in the east and sets in the west”)

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6
Q

Homophone priming

A

Word form is generated in response to a different meaning (“Like father like ______”)

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7
Q

What happens in the stroop test?

A

Interference of input perception on language production

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8
Q

What does TOT tell us?

A
  • Conceptualization and semantic info come first
  • Phonological form later
  • Info can be partially accessible
  • Occurs when target word is a low-frequency word
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9
Q

Interloper

A

Phonological neighbors

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10
Q

Partial activation

A

Weak connection between semantic and phonological form of intended word

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11
Q

Blocking hypothesis

A

Target word suppressed by another strong competitor, TOT arises due to competition

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12
Q

What is planned in the processing stage of speech?

A
  • Sentence structure: word order, sentence type
  • Concrete items placed early in sentence
  • Grammatical role: subject, verb, object
  • Use pauses
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13
Q

Evidence for syntactic planning

A

Visual world paradigm: looking at objects while producing sentences

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14
Q

Coarticulation

A

The way the brain organizes sequences of vowels and consonants, interweaving into a smooth whole

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15
Q

Acoustic cues used in perception (3)

A
  1. Duration of sound
  2. Spectral properties: pitch, resonant frequencies (formants), amplitude
  3. Spectral transitions from one sound to another
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16
Q

Context cues used in perception (3)

A
  1. Phonetic
  2. Syntactic
  3. Pragmatic/semantic
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17
Q

Audio-visual integration cues used in perception (2)

A
  1. Mouth movement

2. Spellings

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18
Q

Categorical perception

A

We tend to perceive “categories”

  • Members with subtle differences within the class will most likely still be perceived as same category
  • Perceptual boundaries can be shifted
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19
Q

Voice onset time

A

Length of time between release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing

20
Q

Phoneme restoration effect

A

Even when sounds are missing, speech signal can be restored by brain and may appear to be heard, uses top-down processing

21
Q

Sound splicing

A

Create a nonword from 2 different “base” forms (ex: smob from smog, smob from smod-lexical decision task)

22
Q

Analysis by synthesis

A

When attempting to synthesize certain speech sounds, one can find out whether previous knowledge about these speech sounds was correct

23
Q

Problems with analysis by synthesis

A
  • Unclear or opaque mapping from what we mimic in our mind onto actual input
  • How to account for clear articulation of words in improbable context
24
Q

Motor theory of speech perception

A
  • Perceive articulatory (vocal tract) gestures
  • We mentally compute what gestures are needed for the sounds perceived
  • Evidence from neuroimaging studies
25
Q

McGurk Effect

A

Mismatch between auditory and visual information, visual wins

26
Q

Auditory lexical decision task (French words)

A

Words that contain rhymes with multiple possible spellings yield slower responses than those with only one possible spelling

27
Q

Orthographic effect on speech perception

A
  • 2 transcription systems for Chinese

- Phoneme monitoring task-decide if syllable contains [i]

28
Q

Implications of orthographic effect

A
  • Literacy training and phoneme awareness

- Orthographic effect can occur pre-lexically (after low-level processing but before meaning is retrieved)

29
Q

Difference between perception and word recognition

A

From low-level processing (sensory input) to retrieval of meanings (lexical access)

30
Q

AX discrimination task

A

Determine if 2 sounds/syllables/nonwords are the same

31
Q

ABX categorization task

A

Determine if the 3rd stimulus (X) is more similar to the first (A) or second (B)

32
Q

Experimental paradigms involving word recognition (3)

A
  1. Lexical decision task
  2. Word spotting task
  3. Gating task
33
Q

Gating task

A
  • Paradigm used to study spoken word recognition
  • Words are presented segment by segment incrementally
  • Isolation point of recognition
  • Support for cohort model
34
Q

Isolation point of recognition

A

Point at which a word (during gating task) is recognized

35
Q

Cohort model

A

When a person hears a speech segment, each segment activates every word in the lexicon beginning with that segment and rules out words as it keeps going

36
Q

TRACE model

A
  • Connectionist and interactive model
  • Simulations are predictions about how a human brain processes speech sounds and words as they are heard in real time
  • Emphasis on top-down influence
  • 3 levels: 1. features 2. phonemes 3. words
37
Q

Bottom-up uses:

A

Perceptual cues, features, transitional cues

38
Q

Top-down uses:

A

Semantic, syntactic, pragmatic contexts

39
Q

Inter-speaker variability

A
  • Pronunciation
  • Lexical choices
  • Syntactic choices
  • Social choices (politeness)
  • Assumptions about common ground
40
Q

Phonetic adaptation

A

Adjust your categories to fit a new speaker’s productions

41
Q

How do we study speech perception (3)?

A
  1. Categorization
  2. Discrimination-measures accuracy
  3. Transcription-measures accuracy and reaction time (RT)
42
Q

Is adaption just a low-level process applied regardless of context?

A

No

  • Uses world knowledge and causal inference
  • Uses prior knowledge
43
Q

“Explain away”

A

Comes up with a reason as to why word sounded weird (ex: pen in mouth), less/no adaptation

44
Q

Can listeners recover from the wrong interference?

A

Yes, listeners’ perceptual behavior is actually quite sophisticated, use general purpose world knowledge and casual reasoning

45
Q

fMRI uses:

A
  • Measure individual voxels (3D pixels)

- Get time series of BOLD signal over time

46
Q

Categorical and gradient

A
  • Representations in categorical areas (IFG) can change during perceptual adaptation
  • This change lags behind behavior

BCS 152-Language and Psycholinguistics (5 decks)

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