Quiz #2 Flashcards
(46 cards)
Garret’s model of speech production
Message–>functional (semantic and syntactic relationship of content words)–>positional (function words inserted) –>sound (phonological forms)–>articulatory instructions
Lexicalization: 2-stage process
- Lemma level
2. Lexeme level
What is the lemma level?
Meaning-based: semantics, “pre-phonological form” (concept)
What is the lexeme level?
Sound-based: phonology
Repetition-primed
Given the definition (“It rises in the east and sets in the west”)
Homophone priming
Word form is generated in response to a different meaning (“Like father like ______”)
What happens in the stroop test?
Interference of input perception on language production
What does TOT tell us?
- Conceptualization and semantic info come first
- Phonological form later
- Info can be partially accessible
- Occurs when target word is a low-frequency word
Interloper
Phonological neighbors
Partial activation
Weak connection between semantic and phonological form of intended word
Blocking hypothesis
Target word suppressed by another strong competitor, TOT arises due to competition
What is planned in the processing stage of speech?
- Sentence structure: word order, sentence type
- Concrete items placed early in sentence
- Grammatical role: subject, verb, object
- Use pauses
Evidence for syntactic planning
Visual world paradigm: looking at objects while producing sentences
Coarticulation
The way the brain organizes sequences of vowels and consonants, interweaving into a smooth whole
Acoustic cues used in perception (3)
- Duration of sound
- Spectral properties: pitch, resonant frequencies (formants), amplitude
- Spectral transitions from one sound to another
Context cues used in perception (3)
- Phonetic
- Syntactic
- Pragmatic/semantic
Audio-visual integration cues used in perception (2)
- Mouth movement
2. Spellings
Categorical perception
We tend to perceive “categories”
- Members with subtle differences within the class will most likely still be perceived as same category
- Perceptual boundaries can be shifted
Voice onset time
Length of time between release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing
Phoneme restoration effect
Even when sounds are missing, speech signal can be restored by brain and may appear to be heard, uses top-down processing
Sound splicing
Create a nonword from 2 different “base” forms (ex: smob from smog, smob from smod-lexical decision task)
Analysis by synthesis
When attempting to synthesize certain speech sounds, one can find out whether previous knowledge about these speech sounds was correct
Problems with analysis by synthesis
- Unclear or opaque mapping from what we mimic in our mind onto actual input
- How to account for clear articulation of words in improbable context
Motor theory of speech perception
- Perceive articulatory (vocal tract) gestures
- We mentally compute what gestures are needed for the sounds perceived
- Evidence from neuroimaging studies
