Quiz 2 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
who are susceptible to the unhealthy effects of the ozone, fine particles and other air borne pollutants
A
children and elderly
2
Q
what type of rain can damage trees, crops wildlife and water
A
acid rain
3
Q
who passed the clean air act
A
congress
4
Q
what did congress also establish in unison with the clean air act
A
environmental protection agency
5
Q
what year was the clean air act passed
A
1970
6
Q
when was the clean air act revised and expanded
A
1990
7
Q
what are the criteria pollutants
A
particulate matter ground-level ozone carbon monoxide sulfur oxides nitrogen oxides lead
8
Q
what are the EPA limits based on
A
human health and environmentally related criteria
9
Q
limits that address ill effects in humans
A
primary standards
10
Q
limits that are designed to prevent environmental and property damage
A
secondary standards
11
Q
an area where the air quality is cleaner than the primary standard
A
attainment area
12
Q
an area which does not meet the primary standards is called what
A
nonattainment area
13
Q
what is the limits on suspended air particles set at
A
less than 2.5 microns
14
Q
at what size of particle does it not reach the lungs but irritates eyes, ears and nose
A
10 microns
15
Q
where is ground level ozone present
A
in smog
16
Q
how is ozone created
A
when two types of pollutants react in the presence of sunlight
17
Q
a numerical index used by the government to define air quality at a given location per day
A
air quality index
18
Q
in the air quality index what does the numbers range from
A
0 to 500
as the number increases the health hazards increase
19
Q
what act has severe monetary penalties if plants release excess pollutants
A
clean air act 1990
20
Q
what program pays bonuses to power plants that instill clean coal technology which reduces SO2
A
EPA’s acid rain program
21
Q
how much has harmful air toxins been reduced by from large companies
A
70%
22
Q
what are some ways to reduce air pollution
A
- conserve energy, turn off appliances
- recycle paper, plastic, glass, cardboard and aluminum cans
- keep wood stoves and fireplaces well maintained
- buy green electricity
- lower water heater thermostat to 120 F
23
Q
what are ways to buy smart
A
- choose efficient, low polluting vehicles
- choose reusable products and packaging
- buy rechargeable batteries for frequently used devices
24
Q
what are ways to drive wise
A
- plan trips, save gasoline and reduce air pollution
- keep tires properly inflated and aligned
- avoid waiting in long drive thrus
- use an energy conserving grade motor oil
25
what is the key component of environmental heatlh
water
26
how much water is easily accessible as ground or surface water
1%
27
water for human consumption is regulated by what
state and federal laws
28
the highest level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water is known as
MCL- max contaminant level
29
the level of disinfectant added for water treatment that ma not be exceeded at the consumers faucet
MRDL- max residual disinfectant level
30
set to protect the odor, taste and appearance of drinking water
secondary MCL
31
MCL's for contaminants that affect health along with heir monitoring and reporting requirements and water treatment requirements
primary drinking standard
32
the concentration of contamination which, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements that a water must follow
AL- regulatory action level
33
what are some examples of water purifications
gas exchange, coagulation, floccuation, sedimentation, filtration, ion exchange, activated carbon absorption and distillation
34
from a single source defined location
point source pollutants
35
examples of point source pollutants
industrial plant, sewage treatment, factory and storm drain
36
not from a specific location
non-point source pollutants
37
examples of non point source pollutants
wastes, nutrients, toxic substances from diverse sources
38
what are three possible contaminants in source water
microbial, inorganic, radioactive, pesticides, organic chemicals
39
what are the byproducts of a chlorine water treatment
THMs and HAAs
40
what year was the federal water pollution control act passed by congress in
1972
41
what was the federal water pollution control act set in place to control
point source pollution
42
when was the safe drinking water act passed
1974
43
generated during various activities at home, businesses and industries
wastewater
44
what 5 major processes does new york city's waste water undergo
1. preliminary treatment
2. primary treatment
3. secondary treatment
4. disinfection
5. sludge treatment
45
what are the major sources of solid waste
agricultural operation, mining, industrial operations and municipal waste
46
when dealing with waste management how does the EPA recommend to handle waste
1. source reduction
2. recycling and composting
3. disposal
47
what are the four things that waste management includes
waste handling, collection, transport and proper disposal
48
what are the most common methods of municipal waste management
sanitary landfill (most common), incineration, resource conservation, source reduction and composting
49
used where suitable sites for landfills are not available
incineration
50
forms heat, steam, gas and ash ( energy may be tapped)
incineration
51
what are the benefits of recycling
- protects and increases jobs
- decreases need for landfill and incineration
- decreases emissions of greenhouse gases
- conserves natural resources
- minimizes the risk to the environment
- cleaner land, water and ecology
52
what are the three steps of recyling
1. collection and processing
2. manufacturing
3. purchasing recycled products
53
what are the benefits of source reduction
- saves natural resources
- reduces toxicity of wastes, use less hazardous alternatives
- reduce cost
54
the process of transforming organic matter into useful products
composting
55
what are some examples of materials that can be composted
yard trimming, food scraps, wood waste and paper products
56
produced during manufacture of many products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, household chemicals, pesticides, detergents, automotive products and computers
hazardous waste
57
the EPA considers waste to be hazardous if
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity
58
who is responsible for enforcement and implementation of hazardous waste programs and laws
Federal EPA and state enforcement agencies
59
what are the steps of hazardous waste disposal
1. secure chemical landfill
2. physical methods
3. chemical methods
4. micro biologic treatment
5. incineration
6. hazardous waste recycling
7. deep well injection
60
what is considered to be the hidden hunger
micro nutrient deficiency
61
the CDC and USDA estimated that what percentage of pediatric patients have two or more indices indicating nutritional deficiencies
18%
62
what percentage of children received 50-80% of the RDA on the US health eating index
75%
63
what is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world
iron deficiency
64
what is the most severe consequence or iron depletion
iron deficiency anemia
65
has there been any improvement in its prevalence over the past 26 years
no
66
what is the prevalence of iron deficiency in pregnant women
50% of all pregnant women
67
how many women have iron deficiency anemia
3.3 million
68
what is the recommendation of the screening for anemia for the American Academy of pediatrics
serum screening recommended at age 9 to 12 months and additional routine screening age 1 to 5 years at risk children
69
most sensitive indicator of low iron
serum ferrtin
70
how does healthy people define iron deficiency
more than 2 of the listed test
71
why is hemoglobin tests discredited as a test
fails to identity those who are iron deficient but are not anemic
72
hemoglobin as a screening test is little of value according to who
american academy of pediactrics
73
how much iron do most children need daily
8-10 mg
74
what are ways to prevent iron deficiency in the first year of life
prolonged breast feeding, iron fortified milk formulas, avoiding cows milk
75
when is iron supplementation recommended in high risk groups
4 to 12 months
76
what does iron deficiency in childhood result in
decreased appetite and growth retardation
77
what are some symptoms of iron deficiency
appetite loss, increase in pica, fatigue, weakness, lead to heart murmur, increased risk for ADHD/ behavioral disorders
78
when can iron supplementation be harmful
when people take the supplement with adequate iron status
79
what are some risks of iron supplementation overdosing
impair growth in children, increase risk for heart disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, intestinal damage, growth of bacteria and oxidative damage
80
deficiency of this elevated risk factor for neural tube defect, miscarriage, heart disease, colorectal cancer, kidney disease, Alzheimer disease
folic acid
81
what is the healthy people goal for 2010 for folic acid
80% of women with adequate consumption
82
when was fortification of folic acid into refined grain foods mandated by the FDA
1998
83
what is the RDA for women of childbearing age for folic acid
400 mcg
84
some women need up to ___ mg daily from at least 3 months before the pregnancy through the first trimester
5 mg
85
caused by inadequate sun exposure
vitamin D deficiency
86
what resulted in vitamin D deficiency
epidemic of rickets in the 19th century
87
is vitamin d deficiency still a probelm
yes
88
the risk of what diseases increases with lower vitamin d and calcium levels in adults
osteoporosis and osteomalacia
89
tooth decay affected what percent of 17 year olds
78%
90
what percentage of US communities had fluoridated water in 2002
66%
91
the CDC named fluoridation of water as what
one of the 10 most important public health measures of 20th century
92
emphasizes that oral health is linked to general health and well being
US surgeon generals "oral health in america"
93
what plays a role in cavity fomation
sugary, sticky, acidic foods
| soft drinks
94
who is the largest consumer and one of the largest importers of sugar
the US
95
what is the USDA recommendation of sugars
less than 10 teaspoons of added sugars per day per 2000 calories
96
estimates point to actual consumption of sugar being ____ times that amount
5 times
97
what has replaced sucrose as a sweetener
high fructose corn syrup
98
a limited menu of foods that lend themselves to production line techniques
fast food
99
what makes something fast food of junk food
little regard for quality, low nutritious value and lots of calories
100
what does fast food tend to be high in
sugar, salt, alcohol, saturated, trans fat
101
the greatest known disease risk for cardiovascular disease is consumption of what
trans fatty acids
102
over consumption of trans fatty acid leads to what
atherosclerosis
103
about how much of the US is overweight
2/3 , about half of these are obese
104
what percentage of US children are considered overweight
17%
105
the number of reported work injuries has decreased about 1/3 due to what
improved health and safety, technological advances in the workplace and more service based economy
106
what is the most prevalent work related injury is
low back pain
107
what percentage of workers in Washington state who had spinal fusion were still disabled 2 years afterward
70 percent
108
workers not returning to job within the first ____ months will likely never return
2 months
109
total direct costs of occupational back injury exceeds _____ billion a year
$90 billion
110
the body region most affected by injury for certain occupations is what
the trunk
111
what are chiropractic interventions geared towards in workers compensation
toward improving function and good ergonomics
112
when dealing with workers compensations what does the law typically allow for care
care of condition directly linked to work injury
113
what is a common inadequate documentation problem among chiropractors for workers compensation
shorthand notes and minimal description of patient progress
114
workers compensation is recognized by how many states and how many nations
39 states and 75 nations
115
A condition where all those pesky pragmatics of a no-fault liability system established in law over 100 years of political compromise between labor and employer interest, attenuated by case-law, precedent, and bureaucratic inertia get in the way of your business-as-usual clinical practice
systemosis
116
unintentional or intentional damage to the body resulting from acute exposure to thermal, mechanical, electrical or chemical energy or from the absence of such essentials as heat or oxygen
injury
117
responsible for more than 5 million deaths each year
injury
118
what are the categories of injury causes
interpersonal violence, collective violence, traffic collisions, incidents that occur at home/work or recreational sport
119
unplanned injuries sustained in fires, falls, poisonings, drowning and traffic related
unintentional
120
deliberately inflicted harm
intentional
121
what initiates the chain if events that bring about an injury
underlying cause
122
what produces the physical damage
direct cause
123
unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for persons that are of what age
less than 44 years old
124
the most common cause of non fatal injury was what
unintentional fall (30% total)
125
_____ percent of injuries involve males
54
126
CDC estimated injury treatment cost at what?
117 billion dollars
127
unintentional injury death rates fell ___ percent between 1912 and 2005
51
128
the person who is injured
host
129
the force of the energy that is involved
agent
130
the person or thing that delivers the force or energy
vector
131
the conditions in which the injury takes place
environment
132
in what year was the national center for injury prevention and control established by the CDC
1992
133
what is NCIPC mission
to prevent injuries and violence and reduce their consequences
134
what are the three divisions of NCIPC
1. acute care
2. unintentional injury prevention
3. violence prevention
135
what were the top three causes of death for unintentional injuries
traffic crashes, poisoning and falls
136
highest risk for traffic crash related death
16-19
137
what are poisonings almost always caused by
drugs
138
men are ___ times greater risk/rate than women in poisoning
2.1
139
more than _____ of adults 65 and older fall each year
1/3
140
what is the leading cause of injury deaths among older adults
falls
141
about ___ percent of the time the person is struck by or crushed by a human, animal or inanimate object
65
142
what are the three categories of violence
1. self directed
2. interpersonal
3. collective
143
intentional or unintentional physical, psychological, sexual or financial maltreatment of persons over the age of 65
elder abuse
144
ecological model for understanding violence
individual, relationships, community and society
