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Quiz One Flashcards

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1
Q

Who defined health as….

A state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

A

World health organization

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2
Q

Is health dynamic or static?

A

Health is dynamic. Health is less of an entity but more of a status, ever changing, a moving target, not static but dynamically changing

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3
Q

Public health can be defined as…

A

A broad and diverse multidimensional field which includes many health related disciplines

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4
Q

Who defined public health as a series of individuals, communities, activities and programs working to promote health, to prevent disease, injury and premature death and to ensure conditions in which we all can be safe

A

American public health association

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5
Q

Who defined public health as… what we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy

A

Institute of medicine

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6
Q

What does the triad or triangle of health include?

A

Host, agent and environment

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7
Q

Health is now commonly used to refer to cleanliness but formerly what was is used to describe?

A

The science of preserving and promoting health

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8
Q

What is social hygiene?

A

A phase used to describe the hygiene and prevention of disease in groups

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9
Q

The control of the environmental risk to health. The process of sanitation on inanimate objects and surfaces

A

Sanitation

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10
Q

What are the branches of public health (7)

A 
Epidemiology
Biometry and biostats
Environmental health sciences
Health care services
Health resources manag.
Occupational or industrial med
Population science and international health
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11
Q

Philosophy of public health can be defined as

A

Prevent disease by treating the community to provide an environment for health
Care for the community as a whole
Emphasize lifestyle and environmental factors in health
Multidisciplinary team approach to care

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12
Q

What is public healths goal

A

To prevent

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13
Q

What is public healths vision

A

Healthy people in healthy communities

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14
Q

What is public healths mission

A

To promote health and prevent disease

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15
Q

What is the public health approach

A

Defining and measuring the problem
Determining the cause or the risk factors of the problem
Determining how to prevent the problem
Implementing effective intervention strategies
Evaluating the impact

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16
Q

What are the four functions of public health

A

Control of communicable disease
Provision of health care services including clinics and labs
Environmental sanitation
Health education and research

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17
Q

Office setting based, outpatient, more general, minor health issues, public health screenings

A

Primary care

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18
Q

Hospital setting based, inpatient, routine surgeries, intensive care

A

Secondary care

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19
Q

Hospital setting, specially designated areas in general hospitals, uses more advanced technique, complicated surgery, more intensive and expensive

A

Tertiary care

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20
Q

Type of primary care, limited primary care, satisfies most components of the primary care definition

A

Chiropractic care

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21
Q

Prevention of the occurrence or the incidence of the illness or injury

A

Primary prevention

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22
Q

Prevention of disease or injury progression, prevention of severity or prevalence of disease or injury

A

Secondary prevention

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23
Q

Prevention of permanent disability or death due to illness or injury

A

Tertiary prevention

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24
Q

Who called for a profession wide definition emphasizing the mind and body relationship in health, the self healing powers of the individual, individual responsibility for health and encouraging patient independence?

A

World federation of chiropractic

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25
Ten great public health achievements from 1900-1999
``` Tobacco ad a health hazard Declines in deaths from heart disease and stroke Family planning Fluoridation of drinking water Healthier mothers and babies Immunizations Motor vehicle safety Control of infectious disease Safer and healthier foods Workplace safety ```
26
Performs some tasks assigned by government but operate more like voluntary
Quasi governmental agencies
27
Operated and managed by government officials
Government agencies
28
International, national, state or local. Can be part of or affiliated by governmental agency and carry it specific government obligations
Non governmental organizations
29
When was the world federation or chiropractic founded
1988 headquartered in Toronto, Canada
30
CAT
Chiropractors against tobacco
31
When was American public health association founded
1872
32
What is the oldest, largest and most influential organization of public health professionals
APHA
33
When was chiropractic health care section established
1995 as one of the 25 professional sections
34
Those exposures or causal agents that make one more likely to suffer a disease or health problems
Risk factors
35
Name risk factor prerequisites
The frequency of the disease varies by category or value of the factor The risk factor must precede the onset of the disease The observed association just not be due to any source of error
36
Chronic
Over time
37
Acute
Injury cold or flu
38
Most chronic diseases are caused by _______ factors
Multiple
39
The number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a point in time
Prevalence
40
How many cars occur in a population over a specified period of time
Period prevalence
41
Number of new cases of a disease within a specified population during a given time period
Incidence
42
Large number of cars of a disease that are out of proportion to what is normally expected to be seen for that time
Epidemic
43
A disease that is constantly present in the community or population
Endemic
44
Dramatic spikes in the numbers of cases of disease expected in a community or region
Outbreak
45
Illness a disease condition or state
Morbidity
46
Number of people who have died from a disease
Mortality
47
The limit of natural life
Life span
48
The average length of a life of a person or group is likely to live
Life expectancy
49
Which is longer? | A life expectancy or life span?
Life expectancy is not as long as the possible life span
50
Hills criteria of causation, name the 9. | The more that are present the stronger there is an association
``` Strength of the association Consistency of the observed association Specificity Temporality Biologic gradient Plausibility Coherence Experiment Analogy ```
51
Assuming incorrectly that a risk from a population based study applies to an individual
Ecologic fallacy
52
The chance an individual will develop a disease over a specific period of time
Risk
53
On the risk scale what does it range from
0 is no risk | 1 is a high risk
54
Typically uses the 2 x 2 contingency table
Risk assessment
55
What is the equation that is used to assess the risk of getting the disease among the exposed
A/A+B
56
What is the equation used to asses the odds of getting the disease amount the exposed
A/B
57
What is the odds ratio
(A/C)/(B/D) | Odds of exposure among cases over the odds of exposure amount controls
58
What is the risk ratio
The risk of the disease in exposed over the risk of disease in unexposed
59
The delivery of information conducive to health
Health education
60
Health promotion may include...
Social support or laws that contribute to health Micro issues are relevant to the individual Macro issues environmental and social
61
What are the goals of healthy people 2010
Increase the quality and years of healthy life | Eliminate health disparities
62
What are the leading health indicators of healthy people 2010
``` Physical activity Overweight and obesity Tobacco use Substance abuse Responsible sexual behavior Mental health Injury and violence Environmental quality Immunization Access to health care ```
63
Should be a routine prosecuted for all clinicians | Health care providers should do their part to address modifiable risk factors
Screening
64
Five stages of susceptibility to change
``` Pre-contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance ```
65
What are the six things that are used to get people to take action
``` Perceived susceptibility Perceived severity Perceived benefits Perceived barriers Cues to actions Self efficacy ```
66
What are the five areas in the ecological model of health promotion
``` Intrapersonal level Interpersonal relationships Community level Institutional level Public policy or laws ```
67
When a persona attempts to change a behavior but is unsuccessful
Abstinence violation effect
68
What does a stand for the in the ABC
Is to remind the clinicians to assess the patient actual health needs
69
What does b stand for in the ABC
Remind clinicians to extol the benefits of the positive behavior change
70
What does the c stand for in the ABCS
Use of regular chiropractic visits to facilitate this process
71
What does the s stand for in the ABCS
Keep up the stay the course messaging with the patients
72
The distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations
Epidemiology
73
Why disease not randomly distributed?
Otherwise we have no way to describe disease patterns Time Place Person
74
What is used to express the degree of uncertainty or statistical variability
Confidence intervals
75
Point prevalence | Period prevalence
Prevalence
76
Person time incidence | Cumulative incidence
Incidence
77
What is used to measure association
risk ratio, odds ratios absolute risk reduction and relative risk
78
AFE
Attribute fraction among the exposed
79
VPD
Vaccine preventable disease
80
Number need to harm
Inverse of the increased risk of harms
81
compared dollars invested in the program to the benefits produced
ROI | return on investment
82
ROI is equal to zero
Program pays for itself
83
ROI >0
The program produces savings that exceed the programs cost
84
Involved manipulation of the exposure or intervention by the investigator
Experimental studies
85
Considered experimental because the investigator randomly assigns the exposure or intervention to the the participants
Randomized clinical trials
86
Exposure is assumed or determined in a way other than random
Quasi experimental
87
Cohort study in which the exposure groups are assumed to be on average the same as would have been obtained with randomization
Natural experiment
88
Example of natural experiment
John snow natural experiment of cholera outbreak in 1854 London
89
In randomized trials the parallel trials compare 2 or more groups involving treatment contrast with what three things
Other treatments No treatment Placebo

Public Health (2 decks)

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