quiz #2

Question 1

what is evidence/ what are types of evidence?

Answer 1

information acquired through research and the specific evaluation of practice
types=
quantitative studies
qualitative studies
meta analysis
expert opinion in the form of documents, commission reports, regulations, or historical reports

Question 2

what is evidence informed decision making

Answer 2

Continuous interactive process involving the explicit, conscientious and judicious consideration of the best available evidence to provide care
-deeper understanding than evidence based

Question 3

evidence-informed practice vs. evidence informed decision making

Answer 3

evidence-informed= use of evidence in the nurses practice

evidence-informed decision making= use of evidence from research using a variety of methodologies

Question 4

evidence informed decision making builds on..

Answer 4

evidence based health care

Question 5

what are best practices?

Answer 5

formalized evidence-based collection of documents
BPG program was launched in 1999 by RNAO
-flagship of excellence on both the national and international stage
-enables organizations and health systems to focus on patient care, using latest research
-helped advance government prioritizes as well as patient, provider and organization and health system guidelines

Question 6

what is the BPG recognized by

Answer 6

the world for its rigorous guideline development and transformational approaches that contribute to implementation science and robust evaluation methodology

Question 7

what are ethics?

Answer 7

system of principles which can critically change previous considerations about choices and and actions
-branch of philosophy, deals with dynamics of decision making

Question 8

what are research ethics?

Answer 8

scientific research is governed by an individual, community and social values
-research ethics involve requirements on daily work, the protection of dignity of subjects and the publication of the information in the research

Question 9

what are the 3 value systems that nurses have to cope with when they participate in research?

Answer 9

societal values about human rights
nursing culture based on the ethic of caring
researchers values about scientific inquiry

Question 10

what was the 1964 declaration?

Answer 10

1964 declaration of Helsinki, need for non-therapeutic research was initiated

• Declaration emphasized the protection of subjects in this kind of research and strongly proclaimed that the well being of individuals is more important than scientific and social interests
• Interest of subject over interests of society

Question 11

explain: INFORMED CONSENT

Answer 11

right to autonomy is protected, person knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently in a clear and manifest way gives their consent ○ Autonomy= ability for self determination in action according to a personal plan
○ Seeks to prevent assaults on the integrity on the patient and personal liberty and veracity
○ Requires knowing risks, benefits, alternatives
○ Incorporates intro of a study, purpose, selection of research subjects, procedures
○ Ability to withdraw
○ Helsinki declaration- interests of study must always prevail over the interests of society and science
Disclosure, comprehension, competency, voluntariness

Question 12

explain: BENEFICENCE , DO NOT HARM

Answer 12

• non-maleficence= potential risks of participation
• Requires high level of sensitivity from researcher on what constitutes harm
• Both preventing intentional harm and minimizing potential harm

Question 13

explain: ANONYMITY and CONFIDENTIALITY

Answer 13

• Anonymity is protected when the subjects identity can not be linked with personal responses
• Confidentiality= management of private information by the researcher

Question 14

explain: RESPECT for privacy

Answer 14

• Freedom an individual has to determine the time, extent, and general circumstances under which private information will be shared with or withheld from others
• Invasion of privacy= beliefs, attitudes, opinions and records are shared without the patients knowledge or consent

Question 15

explain: VULNERABLE GROUPS OF PEOPLE

Answer 15

• Concern about vulnerable groups and whether it is ethical or not for them to be used as research subjects
• Vulnerability= one characteristic of people unable to protect their own rights and welfare
• Captive populations (prisoners, students, mentally ill persons, aged people, children, critically ill, poor, dying, learning disabilities, unconscious
• Inability to give informed consent and their need for further protection and sensitivity from the researcher

Question 16

explain: SKILLS OF THE RESEARCHER

Answer 16

3 more important elements:

		- Competency of researcher
		- Careful design 
		- Worthwhile expected outcomes - Nurse researchers should have necessary skill and knowledge

Question 17

explain: NATURE of NURSING

Answer 17

-Nature and essence of nursing reflects on human beings and their relationship with health
Some- Primary scope of nursing- to help persons to adapt in different stages of illness
-Nursing views person as a whole and health as a subjective and meaningful experience
-Many view caring as most important part
-Predicting individuals needs and preserving dignity
-Vulnerability of the sick & Lack of patient participation= danger of patient exploitation by nurses

Question 18

explain: ADVOCACY of NURSING

Answer 18

• Protection of human rights of people who cannot defend for themselves
• In literacy, three models
  - Rights protection model implies nurses help persons to understand and exercise their rights
  - Value based decision model suggests nurses should not impose decisions but assist persons to decide
  - Respect for persons model focuses on human dignity, privacy, and self determined choices that the nurse has to protect if the patient is not autonomous or self-determining

Question 19

questions to ask when critically thinking about research…

Answer 19

1. What is the purpose of the study?
2. What is the population of interest?
3. What research design was used?
4. Does the article show that the evidence is valid and reliable?
   Summarize the findings from the studying.