Quiz 2 Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
What are some of the other uses of VR?
A
- Flight and driving simulators
- Surgery simulators
- Design and visualisation of objects
- Psychotherapy
2
Q
What is the most common application of VR in psychology / psychotherapy?
A
The treatment of phobias and trauma symptoms through virtual exposure
3
Q
What is VRET?
A
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
4
Q
What are the main techniques most used in VRET?
A
- Virtual reality exposure (as opposed to in vivo exposure or imaginal exposure)
- Systematic desensitization (as opposed to flooding).
5
Q
What are some advantages of VRET (over in vivo) ?
A
- Level of control it offers the therapist - choose precisely the intensity and duration of virtual exposure experiences.
- with individuals who have difficulties mentally constructing and confronting the feared situation
6
Q
How would contextual conditioning in a virtual environment assist someone in the real world
A
- Increases realism
- Induces sustained levels of anxiety (in contrast to explicitly cued fear)
- Enables monitoring of reaction in real-time.
7
Q
Virtual reality exposure is thought to be helpful in several ways, what are they?
A
1) Habituation – where reactions to feared objects or situations tend to decrease over time with exposure;
2) Extinction – repeated exposure can help weaken previously-learned associations between feared objects or situations and negative outcomes;
3) Emotional processing - the person can learn to attach new and more realistic beliefs about feared objects or situations during exposure, and become more comfortable with the experience of discomfort;
4) Self-efficacy - exposure can help demonstrate to the individual that he/she is capable of confronting his/her fears and can manage the feelings of anxiety.
8
Q
What were the main findings of Serrano et al. (2016) on VR-Mood induced procedure study?
A
- After VR-MIP, for all participants, levels of relaxation increased and arousal decreased
- Relaxation levels after the VR-MIP were not significantly different between experimental groups ie. the stimulation of touch and/or smell does not appear to significantly improve the state of relaxation (however, there was a trend - “the groups whose sense of touch was stimulated seemed more relaxed”)
- After VR-MIP, for all, participants, levels of presence in the VE increased
- There were no significant differences found in presence related to the stimulation of touch and smell (however, there was a trend)
9
Q
What is the Proteus effect?
A
When people infer their expected behaviours and attitudes from observing the digital representation of themself
10
Q
What has research found people with more attractive and taller avatars do?
What do these findings suggest?
A
- People with more attractive avatars walk closer to and disclose more information to strangers
- People with taller avatars negotiate more aggressively
*people identify with virtual representations that do not necessarily reflect their actual appearances; our virtual selves can change the way we interact with others
11
Q
What is VR-MIP?
A
Virtual Reality Mood Induction Procedure
12
Q
What are some limitations in the Serrano et al (2016) study on VR-MIP?
A
- Relaxation was the only emotion induced / tested
- To stimulate senses of touch and smell, artificial grass and lavender scent were used (very simple, ecological, and noninvasive). They can make it difficult to control the variables, compared to the use of specific technological devices (olfactory or haptic devices) to stimulate these senses
13
Q
What are some applications of VR-MIP?
A
- A tool for researching consumer behaviors,
- in studies on emotional and experiential marketing
- in designing products and services focused
on users, - in museums or amusement parks (generating positive emotional experiences).
- integrated into homes or workplaces as a tool to help daily lives (e.g., to be more relaxed or happier).
- could be a component of psychological treatments for different emotional problems
14
Q
What are the 5 types of e-health application?
A
- Online support groups and health-related virtual communities
- Self-management/self-monitoring applications
- Decision aids
- Personal health records
- Internet use
15
Q
What are the 3 types of attention that TALI trains?
A
- Attentional control
- Sustained attention
- Selective attention
16
Q
Which TALI task showed the most promising results? What other aspect of learning did it improve?
A
The selective attention (fish) task was most effective. It lead to improved numeracy abilities over time
17
Q
What does TALI stand for?
A
Teaching and Learning Initiative
18
Q
What kinds of things are the creators of Mood Mission measuring in their randomised controlled trial?
A
- Emotional self-awareness
- Mental health literacy
- Coping self-efficacy
- Emotional mental health (anxiety and depression)
- Well-being
19
Q
What prevents people from engaging in mental health strategies?
A
Patients may not:
- understand the rationale behind the strategy
- know what to use when
- what else to do when the first strategy doesn’t work
Service providers may not know what to recommend their patient
20
Q
What mental health issues does mood mission address?
A
Low Mood
Anxiety
21
Q
What is the process involved with mood mission?
A
- CBT Reporting (scale of 1-10)
- CBT-based reporting on thoughts, feelings, behaviours and physiological response
- 5 easy to use coping strategies that can be done immediately (behavioural activation, relaxation, mindfulness + others).
Broken into 5-10 min chunks - Gamification
22
Q
What are future pathways for mood mission?
A
Commercialisation - keep app free but have in-app purchases
Customise for corporate and clinical applications
23
Q
What were the limitations of the Wallin et al. report on internet-based interventions?
A
- Low response rate of Sample 1
- Preference related to treatment modality was measured by the use of a single item. Using more items would likely have generated a more reliable overall score. Also, hypothetical question bcos participants weren’t currently seeking mental help
24
Q
What was the main findings of Wallin et al. study on internet-based interventions?
A
- Most participants preferred face-to-face treatment over internet treatment
- Participants that often used the internet for health info were three times more likely to prefer internet treatment
- Communicating with others online about health issues was not related to a preference for internet interventions
- People born outside Sweden were significantly more likely to prefer internet interventions
25
Approx how many global social media users are there?
Approx 3.5 billion, an increase of 200 million users since April 2018
26
Approx how many people use a smart phone?
Roughly 5.1 billion people worldwide, an increase of 2.7% on the previous year;
27
What % of social media users access social media using mobile devices?
98%
28
How much time per week do Australians spend on Facebook?
12.5 hours
29
What percentage of adolescents and adults are classified as heavy users of social media in Australia?
56% adolescents
| 23% adults
30
With regards to Facebook use, what is the objective self-awareness theory (OSA)?
OSA says that Facebook use will lead to lower self-esteem, as being prone to self-evaluation as a result social standards and norms lowers self-esteem
31
With regards to Facebook use, what is the hyperpersonal model?
Hyperpersonal predicts that Facebook use will enhance self-esteem, as it gives users autonomy and control over how they present themselves
32
What did Gonzales and Handcock (2011) study on FB use and self-esteem suggest?
Participants who updated and viewed their own Facebook profiles during an experiment reported higher levels of self-esteem, demonstrating support for HM. Suggests that FB enhances rather than undermines self-esteem, as it enables users to take their time to create a self-presentation that they desire and consider attractive to others. However, this study did not consider how often participants used Facebook for in their everyday lives
33
What is the current 'collect analysis' on FB use and self-esteem?
Whether Facebook enhances or diminishes self-esteem depends on how people use it and interact with it, rather than just using it.
34
With regards to social media, what is the displacement hypothesis?
Online-communication displaces time spent with existing friends, thus diminishing the quality (and thus psychological benefits) of existing friendships
35
With regards to social media, what is the stimulation hypothesis?
Social media use enhances the quality of existing friendships, and consequently, improves well-being
36
What did Valkenburg and Peter (2007) find regarding what people do with their time on social media?
Participants spent significantly more time private messaging existing friends, compared to public chat rooms
37
Explain the relationship between quality of friendships, time spent private messaging, and well-being?
Quality of friendships mediates the relationship between time spent private messaging friends and well-being
38
What were the main findings of Johnston et al. (2011) study on the association between Facebook use and social capital?
- FB use was positively associated with perceived bridging social capital and perceived bonding social capital
- However, FB had less of an impact on perceived bonding social capital (perhaps due to features of FB that encourage weak ties)
- Relationship btw FB use and bridging and bonding social capital did not vary with different levels of self-esteem OR satisfaction with university life
- Facebook use significantly predicted maintained social capital (this was the strongest correlation)
Therefore students seemed to use Facebook to maintain relationships and develop maintained social capital
39
How are online social networks defined?
Virtual communities which interact and pool resources through computer-mediated relationships
40
What is social capital?
Resources accumulated from various relationships
Can be considered as a byproduct of social relationships resulting from social exchanges in structured social networks, and promotes co-operation between individuals
41
What two classes can social capital be broken into?
- Cognitive social capital - linked to personal aspects such as beliefs, values, norms and attitudes. It is also a by-product of cultural norms like religion, tradition and shared historical experiences
- Structural social capital is the outwardly visible features of social organisations such as patterns of social engagement or density of social networks. The structural class reflects the strength of associational links, density of social associations and indicators of social interactions
42
The cognitive social capital class can be further broken down into other areas, what are they?
Bridging - focuses on external relationships and on the weak ties btw individuals. Usually form btw indiv of diff ethnic backgrounds and can cut across geographic and socio-economic distance. Does not generally provide emotional support
Bonding - exists between family members, close friends and other close relations and focus on internal ties btw actors. Provides emotional support
Maintained - created when individuals maintain connections to their social networks having progressed through life changes. Alleviates 'friendsickness' by staying in touch with old friends.
43
What are some benefits of social capital?
Shown to be a forecaster of school attrition, academic performance, physical and mental health, children’s intellectual development, sources of employment, juvenile delinquency and its prevention, and economic development
44
What tends to happen when social capital is low in a community?
Tends to be greater social disorder and more distrust amongst participants
45
What are some negative aspects of social capital?
- Possible creation of hate groups
- Strong ties between members of a group can exclude outsiders’ access to a group
- Weaker group members can make excess claims on stronger members (the free-riding problem)
- Participation in a group generally dictates certain levels of conformity, and this can restrict individual freedom
46
What percentage of kids that are bullied online are also bullied at school?
85%
47
What are some factors associated with victims of cyber-bullying?
- Anxiety
- Loneliness
- Somatic symptoms
- Suicide ideation
48
What are some of the factors associated with perpetrators of cyber-bullying?
- Delinquent behaviour
- Substance use
- Aggression
49
What are some of the factors associated with people who are both victims and perpetrators?
- Poor relationships with caregivers
- Conduct problems
- Depression
- Substance use
50
What is the main problem with studies that have looked at the relationship between cyber-bullying and health? Provide example. How can researchers overcome this limitation?
- These studies are correlational, so we cannot comment on causation eg: we don't know if loneliness is a result of bullying, or if loneliness places someone at greater risk of being bullied.
- This can be overcome by doing longitudinal studies
51
According to the findings of Baldry et al. (2015), what are the risk factors associated with being a cyber-bully?
- Being male
- Low school commitment and achievement
- Use internet devices a lot
- Lack emotional and cognitive empathy
- Don't have a great idea of themselves
- Impulsive
- Tend to break rules
- Involved in bullying at school
- Morally disengaged
52
According the findings of Baldry et al. (2015), what are the risk factors associated with being a cyber-victim?
- Being female
- Low school achievement
- Online much more than non cyber-victims
- Lack social skills
- Poor self-esteem
- Depression, anxiety, anger and maladaptive behaviour symptoms
- Tend to be victimised at school, but also tend to be bullies and cyber-bullies
- Have parents with limited knowledge or control of child's internet use
53
According to Baldry et al. (2015), what is the strongest risk factor associated with cyber-bullying?
School bullying
54
What two ways have Baldry et al. (2015) broken up risk factors?
Static eg. gender, prior involvement
Dynamic eg. school policy, parental supervision
55
How are risk factors related to bullying?
A risk factor increases the likelihood but its absence does not eliminate the risk.
56
What are some of the theories that describe the desire for fame?
1. Psychoanalytic theory: Freud - creative artists motivated by desire for fame, together with wealth and romantic love, as well as idea that culture was created to keep individuals minds off sex.
2. Personality theory: (Simonton 1994) - personality characteristics most predictive of motivation towards fame involves drive to succeed ( type A personality), and tendency to take risks. Braudy (1997) suggests that individuals that are famous can very easily 'read' situations and improvise when planning fails.
3. Developmental: Social class has been found to be a predictor, although evidence that some adversity in early life plays a role.
57
What are some of the pre-cursors associated with the desire for fame?
- watching TV / social media sites
- unstable self-esteem
- extrinsic motivations such as financial success, attractiveness, and social recognition
- higher levels of needing to belong
- higher levels of narcissism
58
How does narcissism differ according to personality theory and the DSM-5?
Personality theory - regarded as a trait that varies between individuals on a continuum.
DSM-5 approach is categorical - an individual can be formally diagnosed as having “narcissistic personality disorder”. Those with a narcissistic personality disorder diagnosis would likely score at the upper end of trait narcissism. It could not be assumed, however, that all those who showed high levels of trait narcissism would fulfil the criteria for narcissistic personality disorder.
59
What are the two forms of narcissism
Grandiose (overt) - extraversion, dominance, attention seeking
Vulnerable (covert or hypersensitive) - quiet and reserved, strong sense of entitlement, easily threatened or slighted. Can still have grandiose self-image but more likely to keep it to themselves.
60
How does the DSM-5 describe narcissistic personality disorder?
Grandiose view of oneself, problems with empathy, a sense of entitlement, and a need for admiration or attention.
61
What causes narcissism?
- Genetic component
- Parents who put their child on a pedestal can foster grandiose narcissism.
- Cold, controlling parents can contribute to vulnerable narcissism.
62
How is social media linked to narcissism?
No clear evidence that social media causes narcissism, however, it does provide a platform for narcissists to seek more attention
63
How can narcissists improve?
Honest reflection on their own behaviour and caring towards others eg psychotherapy or practising compassion towards others
64
What is the key difference between covert and overt narcissists?
Overt narcissism correlates positively with self-esteem, whereas covert narcissism correlates negatively with self-esteem
65
Weiser (2015): What are the three robust and empirically useful components of narcissism that the NPI assesses?
Leadership/Authority, Grandiose Exhibitionism, and Entitlement/Exploitativeness
66
Explain the leadership / authority (LA) facet of narcissism
Reflects self-perceptions of leadership, dominance, and the capacity for social agency. Individuals who score high on LA are motivated to lead and seek power and authority over others.
Considered adaptive in that it is related to indices of psychological adjustment (e.g., self-esteem), and unrelated to narcissism's more interpersonally aversive elements
67
Explain the Grandiose Exhibitionism (GE) facet of narcissism
Grandiose Exhibitionism (GE) reflects self-absorption, vanity, and exhibitionistic propensities. Individuals who score high on GE are in love with themselves and crave attention; they enjoy showing off and actively seek opportunities for self-promotion.
GE and especially EE are regarded as socially toxic and are more readily linked to maladaptive social outcomes
68
Explain the Entitlement/Exploitativeness (EE) facet of narcissism.
Entitlement/Exploitativeness (EE) reflects entitlement, a sense one deserves respect, and a willingness to exploit others. Individuals who score high on EE possess unmerited or unreasonable expectations of favorable treatment; they believe they deserve whatever they wish and will take advantage of others in the service of their goals.
GE and especially EE are regarded as socially toxic and are more readily linked to maladaptive social outcomes
69
What were the results of the Wesier (2015) study on selfies and narcissism?
- Narcissism, as well as the Leadership/Authority and Grandiose Exhibitionism facets, but not Entitlement/Exploitativeness, exhibited positive and significant associations with selfie posting frequency.
- Age did not moderate the predictive effects of narcissism or any of its three dimensions.
- the more adaptive Leadership/Authority facet emerged as a stronger predictor of selfie posting among women than men, whereas the maladaptive Entitlement/Exploitativeness facet predicted selfie posting among men, but not
women.
70
What else predicts selfie posting other than narcissism?
Extraversion and social exhibitionism. Little to no relationship between selfie posting and self-esteem
71
Nowadays, what kinds of skills are employers looking for in employees?
- Flexibility
- Adaptability
- Innovation
- Resilience
72
According to Prof Simon Moss, what is one of the major challenges in organisations today?
Instability - can lead to oversensitivity
73
According to Prof Simon Moss, under what conditions do people tend to flourish?
When there's a clear vision of the future.
People know exactly what the leader wants to promote and that there's something very unique about that workplace.
In those situations, people can more readily imagine exactly what they're going to achieve in the future, what their aspirations are, what's important to them, what's meaningful and what's purposeful?
Makes people more comfortable with difficulties and challenges. See challenges and problems as an opportunity to grow rather than as a threat to their self-esteem.
Consequently, most problems dissipate and suddenly these organisations that were replete with conflict and problems tend to become more stable over time.
74
What are the key features for creating an excellent vision
1. Consistent with recent trends and achievements of the org.
2. Vision should be in line with values of employees - ask employees to clench left fist for 2-3 minutes to activate various circuits in the right hemisphere of the brain - tends to increase capacity to know what's important to them, to know their values, to know what they're really striving for
3. Best implemented a year or two after a leader begins.
4. A vision that is unique to that organisation
75
What can occur when a leader implements a strategy within the first few months of starting?
Creates a lot of distrust and disharmony and undermines the extent to which employees are committed
76
Due to technological advances, work roles have changed from being ____ to ____ ?
Technical to monitory
77
In what ways have companies tried to make themselves more attractive to potential employees?
- Introducing family-friendly policies
| - Promoting career development opportunities
78
What 3 things hallmarked the 1980s?
- Organisational downsizing
- Redundancies
- More complex operations
79
What is one societal change that has influenced the nature of work in recent times?
Ageing population
80
What does Simon Moss spend most of his time at work doing?
Dealing with bullying in the workplace
81
According to Simon Moss, what is the main cause behind interpersonal issues within organisations?
Feelings of uncertainty about job roles, security etc, within the workplace environment.
Ie. the environment is as much to blame as the individuals
82
What are some of the positive forces of diversity?
- Increased job satisfaction amongst staff leading to reduced costs associated with recruitment
- Enhanced customer relations through meeting the needs of diverse customers
- Enhanced organisational creativity, flexibility, and innovation
- Sustainable development and business advantages
83
What are some of the negative forces of diversity?
- Diminished cultural relatedness among employees
- The need for financial support to support flexibility where it doesn't occur naturally
- Workplace harmony being jeopardised when there is conflict
- Potential for conflict between organisations
84
How does The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD, cited in Mullins, 2010) define diversity?
Valuing everyone as individuals
85
What might an organisation do to assist with workplace diversity?
Create a diversity action plan
86
What is one of the negative impacts of globalisation on organisations?
Events in one country impact events in another eg: 2008 GFC. Further, recovery from these events may not be in the hands of individual nations. As such, globalisation has been criticised and blamed for escalating inequalities in the developing world, and for endangering regional cultures
87
What are some of the things that separate bullying from other forms of workplace conflict?
- Repeated over a long period of time
- Perception of being bullied
- Negative consequences experienced
- Power imbalance
88
What are some specific ways bullying can occur in the workplace?
- Being given unreasonable deadlines
- Receiving persistent and undue criticism
- Rumours and gossip spread about them
- Social isolation
- Physical and verbal abuse
89
What are some of the effects of bullying on an individual?
```
Burnout
Cardiovascular problems
Depression
Higher employee turnover
Increased stress
Increased absenteeism
Low job satisfaction
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Reduced individual and team performance
```
90
What organisational factors may be antecedents to bullying?
- Uninteresting and unchallenging work
- Strained and competitive environment
- Poor leadership
- Poor working conditions
- Role ambiguity and role conflict
- Org culture that is tolerant of bullying behaviour
- Changing nature of work
91
What are some personality factors that may contribute to bullying victimhood?
- High conscientiousness
- High neuroticism
- Low extraversion
- Low assertiveness
- Submissive personalities
- Low self-esteem
- inability to defend him/herself,
- inability to cope,
- lack of peer support
- overly anxious and/or conscientious
- social anxiety
92
What are some personality factors that may contribute to perpetrator bullying?
- Aggressive
- Violent
- Tyrannical
- Very low/very high self-esteem
- Lack of social competence
- Low emotional control
- Low empathy
- Competitiveness and dominant behaviour
93
In Aquino and Lamertz (2004), what are the 4 roles they talk about?
- Provocative victim (aggressive, hostile, or irritating)
- Submissive victim (extremely passive, insecure, frequently rejected by peers, and unwilling to defend against attack)
- Domineering perpetrator
- Reactive perpetrator
94
What are the 2 types of victimisation Aquni and Lamertz (2004) talk about?
Episodic and institutionalised
95
What type of triggers happen in episodic cases of victimisation? What type of triggers happen in institutionalised?
```
Episodic = exogenous triggers
Institutionalised = endogenous triggers
```
96
What is the main difference between episodic and institutionalised victimisation?
Institutionalised is when the victimisation is a defining characteristic of the relationship, episodic is when it's not. Institutionalized victimization is therefore expected to occur with greater frequency than episodic victimization, but frequency is not a distinguishing characteristic
97
What levels of victimisation would you see between a dominating perpetrator and submissive victim?
High institutionalised
| Low episodic
98
What levels of victimisation would you see between a dominating perpetrator and provocative victim?
Low institutionalised
| High episodic
99
What levels of victimisation would you see between a reactive perpetrator and submissive victim?
No significant levels of institutionalised or episodic victimisation
100
What levels of victimisation would you see between a reactive perpetrator and provocative victim?
High institutionalised
| Low episodic
101
What are the organisational factors discussed by Aquino and Lamertz (2004) that may moderate whether victimisation occurs?
- Dyadic social power
- Access to social capital (3rd party actors, central role)
- Organisational culture (norms supporting punitive measures, norms supporting incivility and rude behaviour)
102
Are people who act aggressively more or less likely to report being frequent targets of others harmful actions?
More
103
What are the two categories involved in Aquilo's 'social capital' explaination of workplace bullying
- Tryad - presence of 3rd person
| - Central Network Position -
104
Aquilo: What are the two types of cultural norms that have been identified that support a theoretical link to potential workplace victimisation?
1. Belief that punitive measures, the use of coercive power, or the expression of low-level forms of aggression (e.g., shouting, intimidation, making threats) are functional for motivating workers and making them more productive.
2. A sense of permission to harass - management tolerates rude behavior in the workplace, does not punish acts of incivility, and fails to establish formal standards for
acceptable behavior
105
What has Coyne (2011) developed a three-level framework for dealing with bullying. The framework discusses preventative, support, and remedial actions which include which three levels?
Organisational level - involves identifying risk factors and developing a culture of dignity and respect
Group level - focus on changing norms and values
Individual level - interventions include providing training to stop potential victims and perpetrators, support mechanisms, and grievance support.
106
What are some examples of prevention, support / intervention and remedial at the organisation level?
Prevention: Change work design, leadership training, culture change, policy
Support: Staff surveys, support from senior managers, monitor absence records
Remedial: ensure sanctions are implemented, monitor cultural change
107
What are some examples of prevention, support / intervention and remedial at the group level?
Prevention: foster appropriate group norms, awareness training
Support: Regular meetings with group, examine group network
Remedial: Group interaction with outside expert, team building
108
What are some examples of prevention, support / intervention and remedial at the individual level?
Prevention: Training, mental toughness training
Support: Contact person (buddy system), informal solution, cognitive re-definition
Remedial: Counselling support for victims and bullies.
109
What is the major constraint for workers with families?
Time
110
What proportion of Australians have seen an improvement in their work/life balance in the past 5 years?
3/10
111
How much money is lost in Australia in unpaid overtime (each year?)?
$110 billion
112
How many more hours per week do Australians work than they would like? What proportion of Australians work as many hours as they would like?
- 2.5 hours
| - 1 in 5
113
Of all hours works, what % is unpaid work?
14.7 per cent
114
What does the Fair Work Act 2009 and Fair Work Amendment Bill 2013 state about flexible working conditions?
The laws require that employers reasonably consider requests for work flexibility.
115
Which demographic makes more requests for flexible working conditions?
Despite lower rates of awareness, younger people make proportionally more requests. The rate of requests made by part-time employees is approximately double that of people working full-time
116
What is the key restraint to improving work/life balance at an individual level?
Financial factors - not willing to accept reduced pay
117
What is the key factor contributing to degradation in work/life balance?
Work hours
118
What are the key factors that have helped achieve greater work/life balance?
Reducing work hours and changing jobs
119
What two avenues are seen as the most likely instigators of change to work/life balance?
Employers and laws
120
What factors might drive an individual to work longer hours?
- Personal fulfilment
- Work fulfilment
- Fulfilment of one’s role as spouse and parent and/or
- Fulfilment of one’s role as a responsible citizen.
121
What is the planning fallacy?
When we underestimate how long it takes to complete a task
122
What mistakes to people often make when planning to get tasks done, specifically in terms of addressing potential obstacles?
- They completely ignore potential obstacles, and thus overestimate how much they'll get done
- Or, they will think hard about all the different types of obstacles, then think that there's not really that many obstacles, and become overconfident again
It's best to think of 2-3 obstacles, then you'll tell yourself, "well there must be many more out there", and you'll become less optimistic
Also good to set targets alone rather than in group situation (tend to be overly optimistic in group situation)
123
What are some of the benefits of paternity leave?
1. Fathers who take paternity leave are more likely to take an active role in childcare tasks
2. Early interaction has longer term benefits for a child's learning abilities
3. Paternity leave is good for women's careers
124
According to Moore and Miceli (1997), what are the 3 core elements of workaholism?
1. Great deal of time spent in work activities
2. Preoccupation with work, even when not working
3. Working beyond what is reasonably expected
125
What are other behaviours thought to typify workaholism?
Job involvement/commitment,
job stress,
perfectionism, and
difficulty delegating
126
What has been the most widely used assessment measure of work addiction?
Workaholism Battery Scale
127
What is the Work Addiction Risk Test (Robinson, 1999)?
Second most widely used assessment of workaholism (WART).
Criticisms: multi-dimensional but scored on a single scale
Only 2 of the 5 sub-scales have been 'preferred': compulsive tendancies and control
128
According to Moore and Miceli (1997), what are the 3 core elements of workaholism?
1. Great deal of time spent in work activities
2. Preoccupation with work, even when not working
3. Working beyond what is reasonably expected
129
Explain the syndrome-based model of addiction.
The syndrome-based model of addiction suggests that similar underlying mechanisms operate regardless of the object of addiction
130
How is workaholism linked to drug and alcohol addictions?
a) Reward circuits in brain are involved in substance and non-substance–based addictions
b) Both share similar genetic vulnerability and clinical features
(c) Develop following a similar pattern (i.e., initial arousal before the act, pleasure/high relief linked to the act, and lowered arousal afterward with guilt, withdrawal, and potential
tolerance)
131
What is a major difference between the syndrome model of addiction and the component model of addiction?
Syndrome model has been most helpful in understanding antecedents and vulnerability,
component model provides a framework on
which the key underlying features of addiction can be understood
132
What are the 6 components of the components model of addiction?
- Cognitive and behavioural salience
- Mood modification
- Tolerance
- Withdrawal symptoms
- Relapse and reinstatement, loss of control
- Conflict
133
Which work addiction scale is based on the components model of addiction?
Bergen Work Addiction Scale
134
What is the rough prevalence of work addiction?
10%
135
What 3 elements combine to produce a workaholic? Provide examples
- Biological / Individual Dispositions (eg: genetics)
- Psychological (eg: achievement-oriented personality traits)
- Social (eg: organisational environment)
136
Who is at risk of becoming a workaholic?
- Those exposed to classical conditioning
- High neuroticism
- High conscientiousness
- Those exposed to external motivators
- Those with introjected regulation (the internalisation of of external standards of social approval and self-worth
- Those from highly demanding families
137
What is a strong predictor of workaholism?
Need for achievement and feelings of low self-worth
138
What dimensions of burnout are most associated with workaholism?
- Emotional exhaustion
- Cynicism
- Depersonalisation
139
What psychological disorders have been associated with workaholism?
ADHD,
anxiety,
obsessing
depression
140
What is one determinant of work that is more harmful for the well-being or workaholics than non-workaholics?
Working at night
141
What is the masking mechanism? Provide example
When people engage in a more socially acceptable addiction (eg: work) to mask an addiction that is less socially acceptable eg: internet)
142
What are some advantages in using the The Bergen Work Addiction Scale?
(a) Rooted in addiction theory as opposed to dimensions shown to have poor validity,
(b) Unidimensional (although multidimensional scales have been developed, empirical evidence justifying these are scarce),
(c) Clear cutoff points aligned with other psychiatric measures,
(d) Validated using two large samples
(e) Good specificity (the 4 of 7 cutoff point differentiates well between workaholics and non-workaholics based on number of hours and subjective health complaints).
143
Why should the Bergen Work Addiction Scale be used with caution?
(a) there is no gold standard against which to evaluate the cutoff point so there is a potential risk to over-diagnose (although it is important to highlight that other diagnostic tools use less stringent criteria)
(b) work addiction has not yet been recognized as a psychiatric disorder so even if the instrument is used to identify the problem, this should never be equated with a psychopathology in strict psychiatric terms
(c) requires further validation studies in different countries
144
Why has differentiating between highly work-engaged individuals and those addicted to work has been fraught with difficulty?
Poorly conceptualized instruments and poor factorial validity
145
Why does work have the potential to influence the health of employees to such a great extent?
Significant amount of time people spend working
146
What are the 3 psychosocial working conditions that are the foundation of the demand-control-support model?
- Job demand
- Job control
- Social support
147
What does The DCS model hypothesize?
High job strain, defined by a combination of low control over how the job is done, along with high job demands and low social support, will be harmful to health.
148
What makes a more significant contribution to employee health, over and above psychosocial conditions?
Organisational Justice
149
What do traditional workplace health promotion programs focus on? What approach do they take?
They focus on the individual with a lifestyle-oriented approach while largely ignoring the impact of the work environment
150
Should the traditional workplace health promotion program be replaced?
Rather than be replaced, the traditional approach should be complemented by the ‘settings approach to workplace health promotion’ which considers the physical, social and organisational environments of the setting, with the aim of implementing comprehensive multi-level strategies to promote employee health
151
What are the 3 threads that need to be combined to reach an integrated intervention approach for workplace mental health?
1) Protect mental health by reducing work-related risk factors for mental health problems (most research from public health and psych)
2) Promote mental health by developing positive aspects of work as well as worker strengths and positive capacities (positive psych, org development)
3) Address mental health problems among working people regardless of cause (psychiatry, psychology & occupational medicine)
152
What is the diff btw primary, secondary and tertiary intervention?
Primary: Preventative - ‘work-directed’, aiming to reduce job stressors at their source by modifying the job or the work environment
Secondary: ameliorative and ‘worker-directed’;
aims to modify how individuals respond to job stressors,
usually through strategies to improve employees’ ability
to cope with or withstand stressors. Can also prevent progress of sub-clinical mental health problems to diagnosable disorders
Tertiary: reactive in that it responds to occurrence of mental health problems; it involves treating affected workers and supporting rehabilitation and return-to-work. Theoretically, tertiary (and to some extent secondary) intervention can reduce the burden of mental disorders through early detection and treatment and limiting severity or chronicity
153
What is characteristic of the most effective interventions in reducing job-related mental health problems?
Combine primary prevention to reduce job stressors with
secondary intervention to strengthen workers’ abilities to
withstand stressors
154
What are some positive approaches to mental health in workplace?
- Positive leadership practices
- Meaningful work
- Positive organizational climate
155
What is the purpose of ergonomics in psychology?
- Reduce likelihood of accidents,
- Improve health and safety at work,
- Improve job satisfaction
156
What 4 areas of physical ergonomics need to be considered?
- The user
- Posture
- Clearance - space needed to get in/out
- Reach
157
What are autotelic activities?
Activities that we engage in because they are so intrinsically rewarding and enjoyable.
158
What does Bakker (2008) believe are the 3 key dimensions of flow?
- Complete absorption
- Enjoyment
- Intrinsic motivation
159
In terms of flow, what is dynamic equilibrium?
When there is exact synergy between the demands of a task and our ability to complete it
160
What conditions and circumstances increase the likelihood that flow will occur?
- Opportunities for growth and work autonomy
- High self-efficacy
- Social support
- Innovation policies
- Clear work goals
161
What are some individual factors that may contribute to more flow?
- Curiosity
- Low self-centredness
- Interest in life
- Persistence
- Resilience
- Ability to make boring tasks more challenging and enjoyable
162
What are some of the key work outcomes of flow?
- Activities become rewarding and engaging - good for organisation
- Increased positive affect
- Personal development
163
What is the 'WOLF'?
Work related flow inventory
164
When are people more likely to experience flow?
During their work rather than during free time
| Particularly when an employee's job demands match their professional skills
