Quiz 2 content (cerebellum, basal ganglia, subcortical white matter, spinal cord and PN) Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
what is the cerebellum best at?
A
coordination!!!! of ongoing movement
2
Q
where is the cerebellum located
A
posterior cranial fossa behind pons and medulla, inferior to occipital lobe
3
Q
tentorium cerebelli separates
A
the cerebellum from the occipital lobe
4
Q
what is this
A
vermis
5
Q
spinocerebellum
A
(vermis and paravermal regions) integrates proprioceptive info
precentral gyrus –> cerebellum for coordination –> to person
6
Q
cerebrocerebellum
A
(lateral hemisphere) coordinates precise distal voluntary movement
coordination of fine distal movements
7
Q
vestibulocerebellum
A
(flocculonodular lobe; flocculus and nodulus) integrates visual and vestibular input to coordinate motor activities for posture, head, and eye movements
coordination of head and eye movements
8
Q
where is the olive located?
A
in the medulla
9
Q
what kind of cells are a part of the cerebellar cortex?
A
purkinje cells
10
Q
what do purkinje cells do?
A
fan out; connect to other dendrites
11
Q
how does the cerebellum attach to the brainstem?
A
through the peduncles (superior, middle, and inferior)
12
Q
the midbrain connects to the cerebellum through…
A
superior peduncle
13
Q
the pons connects to the cerebellum through…
A
middle peduncle
14
Q
the medulla connects to the cerebellum through…
A
inferior peduncle
15
Q
blue
A
anterior lobe of cerebellum
16
Q
red
A
superior, middle, and lower peduncles
17
Q
orange
A
posterior lobe of cerebellum
18
Q
green
A
nodulus
19
Q
blue
A
vermis
20
Q
red
A
anterior lobe
21
Q
green
A
posterior lobe of cerebellum
22
Q
green
A
superior cerebellar peduncle
23
Q
blue
A
middle cerebellar peduncle
24
Q
red
A
inferior cerebellar peduncle
25
yellow
flocculus
26
pink
cerebellar tonsils
27
purple
nodulus
28
what is floccular nodular node made up of?
flocculus and nodulus
29
red
vermis
30
orange
paravermis
31
green
lateral hemisphere
32
corticospinal tract is...
motor activity of fine movements
33
functional divisions of the cerebellum
equilibrium; gross movements of the limbs; fine, distal, voluntary movements
34
equilibrium is regulated by the
vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)
35
gross movements of the limbs are coordinated by the
spinocerebellum (receives proprioceptive info from muscle spindles and control ongoing movement through motor tracts and lower motor neurons)
36
fine, distal, voluntary movements are coordinated by the
cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemispheres)
37
vestibulocerebellum: receives input from, sends output to, and function
vestibular apparatus, vestibular nuclei
vestibular nuclei
coordinate eye and head movements
38
spinocerebellum: receives input from, sends output to, and function
spinal cord, vestibular nuclei
vestibular nuclei, reticular nuclei, motor cortex
neck and postural muscles, gross limb movements
39
cerebrocerebellum: receives input from, sends output to, and function
cerebreal cortex
motor cortex, red nucleus
lateral corticospinal tract (fine movements), rubrospinal tract (extend wrist and fingers)
40
cerebellar ataxia
drunken gait, uncoordinated movement
41
intentional tremors
ex: want to grab a cup and they start shaking
42
dysdiadochokinesia
automatic movement (supination vs pronation)
- not able to coordinate
43
dysmetria
ex: reach too far/short for an object (distance problem w/ muscles)
44
dysarthria
speech muscles affected
45
decomposition
movement is broken up, glitchy
46
paravermal lesions result in
gait and limb ataxia
47
lateral cerebellar lesions result in
hand ataxia
48
lesions to vermal and flocculonodular lobe result in
truncal ataxia/gait ataxia, nystagmus
49
ipsilateral lesion (if one side is damaged)
it crosses over to other side but then crosses back over when coming back down
50
cerebral cortex lesion is (contralateral or ipsilateral)
contralateral
51
cerebellum lesion is (contralateral or ipsilateral)
ipsilateral
52
basal ganglia
group of nuclei
*group of cell bodies
53
red
caudate body
54
orange
subthalamic nucleus
55
green
substantia nigra
56
blue
caudate tail
57
purple
globus pallidus internus
58
pink
globus pallidus externus
59
yellow
caudate head
60
grey
putamen
61
caudate and putamen make up the
striatum
62
putamen and globus pallidus make up the
lentiform nucleus
63
basal ganglia releases
dopamine
64
input nuclei of basal ganglia
caudate and putamen (striatum), subthalamic nuclei
65
output nuclei of basal ganglia
substantia nigra pars reiculata and globus pallidus internrus (GPi)
66
motor functions of basal ganglia
initiation of movement (green lights)
suppression of unwanted movements (red lights)
67
non-motor functions of basal ganglia
decision making, judgment, prioritizing information, emotional processing and responses, learning, eye movements, selecting desired behavior, preventing undesired behavior
68
what are the 5 cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop
goal directed behavior
social behavior loop
emotion loop
motor loop
oculomotor
69
non motor circuits
goal directed behavior, social behavior, and emotion loop
70
motor circuits
motor loop (direct and indirect pathway)
oculomotor loop
71
ALL loops go through
basal ganglia
72
goal directed behavior loop
mainly short term memory
evaluating information for making decisions, planning and choosing actions
head of caudate
lateral prefrontal cortex
73
social behavior loop
appropriate behavior
ventral prefrontal cortex
personality
recognizes social cues, regulates self control
74
emotion loop
responsible for integrating emotion and facial expression, seeking rewards, predictions when outcome is unknown, addictions
basal ganglia stroke - depression, emotional blunting
medial prefrontal cortex
75
oculomotor loop
body of the caudate is part of an oculomotor loop
makes decision about spatial attention and eye movements
76
motor loops are important for
planning and programming of movement by selecting and inhibiting specific motor strategies
initiation of movement
77
direct motor pathway
initiation of voluntary movement
go pathway
cortex to putamen to globus pallidus to thalamus and back to cortex
78
indirect motor pathway
BG involves the GPe, subthalamic nucleus, GPi, substantia nigra reticuclata
suppresses unwanted movements
NoGo pathway
79
Subcortical white matter is
all white matter consists of myelinated axons
80
Subcortical WM fibers are put into 3 categories
projection fibers, commissural fibers, association fibers
81
projection fibers extend
from subcortical structure to the cerebral cortex
all travel through internal capsule
82
parts of internal capsule
anterior limb, genu, posterior limb
83
commissural fibers
connect homologous areas of the cerebral hemispheres
(corpus callosum is the largest
84
callosotomy
done for seizures, surgically removed; prevents excessive firing from spreading
85
Association fibers
connect cortical regions within one hemisphere (short and long)
86
short association fibers connects
adjacent gyri
87
long association fibers connect
lobes within one hemisphere
88
cingulum connects which cortices
frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe
89
uncinate fasciculus connects
frontal and temporal lobe cortices
90
superior longitudinal fasciculus connects
cortices of all lobes
91
inferior longitudinal fasciculus connects
temporal and occipital lobes
92
what are meninges
layers that protect spinal cord and brain
(dura, arachnoid, and pia mater)
93
dorsal root + ventral root =
spinal nerve
divides into dorsal and ventral ramus
contains both motor and sensory
94
dorsal horn processes
sensory information
95
ventral/anterior horn processes
motor information
96
lateral horn processes
autonomic information
97
how many spinal cord segments are there for each section of the spine (C, T, L, S, C)
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
98
spinal nerves are named for...
the vertebral level where they exit the vertebral canal
99
collection of nerve roots inferior to the spinal cord within the bony canal
cauda equina
100
spinal nerves carry
all motor, autonomic and sensory axons of a single spinal segment
101
UE myotomes: C1-2
cervical flexion
102
UE myotomes: C3
cervical side-bend
103
UE myotomes: C4
scapular elevation
104
UE myotomes: C5
GH abduction
105
UE myotomes: C6
elbow flexion
106
UE myotomes: C7
elbow extension
107
UE myotomes: C8
thumb abduction
108
UE myotomes: T1
5th finger extension
109
LE myotomes: L1-L2
hip flexion
110
LE myotomes: L3
Knee extension
111
LE myotomes: L4
ankle dorsiflexion
112
LE myotomes: L5
Great toe extension
113
LE myotomes: L5-S1
plantar flexion
114
LE myotomes: S1-S2
plantar flexion and eversion
115
Dura mater
tough outer layer
116
arachnoid mater
separated from pia by cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space
117
pia mater
closely adheres to the spinal cord surface
118
epidural space
between dura and vertebrae
119
subdural space
between arachnoid and dura
120
subarachnoid space
between arachnoid and pia
121
peripheral nerves
including all neural structures (axons of sensory, motor, and autonomic neurons) distal to the spinal nerves
122
cutaneous branches of peripheral nerves
supply the skin and subcutaneous tissues, including sensory and autonomic related information
123
muscular branches of peripheral nerves
supply the muscles, tendons, and joints
124
endoneurium
separates individual axons
125
perineurium
surrounds bundles of axons (fascicles)
126
epineurium
encloses the entire nerve trunk
127
spinal nerve lesions are tested with
myotomes/dermatomes
(ex: C8 spinal nerves lesion)
128
peripheral nerve lesions are tested with
MMT and muscles
(ex: median nerve lesion)
