Week 2 content (Diencephalon, Brainstem Region, Cerebellum) Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
What part of the brain is the diencephalon in?
A
forebrain
2
Q
parts of the diencephalon
A
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland
3
Q
what is the largest subdivision of the diencephalon
A
thalamus
4
Q
location of hypothalamus
A
inferior and anterior to the thalamus
5
Q
location of epithalamus
A
posterior to thalamus
6
Q
location of subthalamus
A
inferior to thalamus (coronal section)
7
Q
location of pineal gland
A
posterior to thalamus
8
Q
location of pituitary gland
A
inferior and anterior to thalamus
9
Q
thalamus shape
A
large egg-shaped
10
Q
what is the thalamus’s job?
A
regulates the flow of information, relay station; receives info from basal ganglia, cerebellum and all sensory systems except olfactory; processes info, relays info to the specific areas of cerebral cortex
11
Q
anatomically, thalamus can be divided into 3 major groups
A
anterior, medial, lateral; lateral also divided into ventral and dorsal tiers
12
Q
which sensory pathway is used for pain
A
spinothalamic pathway
13
Q
which sensory pathway is used for touch and proprioception
A
dorsal column/medial lemniscus pathway (DCML)
14
Q
Everything going into the brain goes through what portion of the brain
A
thalamus
15
Q
thalamus relays information for every nerve except
A
olfactory
16
Q
Relay nuclei convey info from the…
A
sensory systems (except olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex
17
Q
all relay nuclei are found in the ________ of the lateral group
A
ventral tier
18
Q
what is the relay nuclei’s job
A
to receive specific information and serve as a relay station by sending info directly to the localized area of the cerebral cortex
19
Q
Association nuclei process…
A
emotional and some memory info or integrate different types of sensation
20
Q
Association nuclei are found in the…
A
anterior thalamus, medial thalamus, and dorsal tier of the lateral thalamus
21
Q
Nonspecific nuclei does…
A
it regulates consciousness, arousal, and attention
22
Q
Relay nuclei is involved with
A
hearing and vision
23
Q
Association nuclei is involved with
A
emotions/memory
24
Q
Nonspecific nuclei is involved with
A
arousal and attention
25
Nuclei: ventral anterior
Function: motor
Afferents: globus pallidus
Efferents: motor planning areas
26
Nuclei: ventral lateral
Function: motor
Afferents: dentate
Efferents: motor cortex, motor planning areas
27
Nuclei: ventral posterolateral
Function: somatic sensation from body
Afferents: spinothalamic and medial lemniscus paths
Efferents: somatosensory cortex
28
Nuclei: ventral posteromedial
Function: somatic sensation from face
Afferents: sensory nucleus trigeminal nerve
Efferents: somatosensory cortex
29
Nuclei: medial geniculate
Function: hearing
Afferents: inferior colliculus
Efferents: auditory cortex
30
Nuclei: lateral geniculate
Function: vision
Afferents: optic tract
Efferents: visual cortex
31
Nuclei: medial group
Function: Emotions
Afferents & Efferents: reciprocal with emotion areas
32
Nuclei: anterior
Function: memory
Afferents & Efferents: reciprocal with memory areas
33
Nuclei: lateral dorsal
Function: Memory
Afferents & Efferents: reciprocal with memory areas
34
Nuclei: midline
Function: memory
Afferents: hippocampus
Efferents: prefrontal cortex
35
Nuclei: intralaminar
Function: arousal and attention
Afferents: ascending reticular system
Efferents: widespread areas of cortex
36
Thalamic lesions affect every sense except
smell
37
thalamic lesions involving the relay nuclei interrupt ascending pathways which
severely compromising or eliminating contralateral sensation
38
thalamic pain syndrome is also considered
unconsciousness
39
bilateral thalamic lesions affects
consciousness
40
hypothalamus regulates which hormones
pituitary, oxytocin, ADH
41
hypothalamus job
regulate homeostasis; essential for individual and species survival; integrates behaviors with visceral functions
42
functions orchestrated by hypothalamus include:
- endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs
- satiety and hunger center: water intake, eating
- emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion
- effects on autonomic nervous system: adjustment of body temperature, metabolic rate, blood pressure
- regulation of circadian rhythms (including sleep-wake cycles) in concert with other brain regions
43
what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
pituitary stalk
44
posterior pituitary hormones
oxytocin and ADH
45
oxytocin action
elicits milk expulsion in lactating females; uterus contraction, causing labor and delivery
46
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) action
increasing the reabsorption of water in the kidneys and preventing excretion of large amounts of urine
47
Anterior pituitary hormones
FSH and LH, GH, prolactin, ACTH, TSH
48
FSH and LH action
synthesis of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
49
GH (growth hormone) action
overall growth
50
prolactin action
stimulates milk production
51
ACTH action
stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones
52
TSH action
stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
53
major structure of the epithalamus
pineal gland
54
pineal gland function
help regulate circadian rhythms (melatonin)
55
subthalamus function
regulating movement
56
location of brainstem
between cerebrum and spinal cord
57
portions of brainstem
medulla, pons, and midbrain
58
four functional groupings of brainstem
cranial nerve nuclei and related structures, long tracts, cerebellar circuits, reticular formation
59
sensory tracts travel _______ in the brainstem
up
60
motor tracts travel ________ in the brainstem
down
61
motor tracts are also known as
basilar (anterior)
62
sensory tracts are also known as
tegmentum (posterior)
63
tectum in midbrain includes structure that are involved in
reflexive control of intrinsic and extrinsic eye muscles and in movements of the head
64
CN I
Olfactory
65
CN II
Optic
66
CN III
Oculomotor
67
CN IV
Trochlear
68
CN V
Trigeminal
69
CN VI
Abducens
70
CN VII
Facial
71
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear
72
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal
73
CN X
Vagus
74
CN XI
Accessory
75
CN XII
Hypoglossal
76
What CN are in forebrain
CN 1 & 2
77
What CN are in midbrain
CN 3, 4
78
What CN are in pons
CN 5, 6, 7, 8
79
What CN are in Medulla
CN 9, 10, 11, 12
80
if a CN has both motor and sensory functions, it is found that it has ________
2 nuclei (means the CN are not only in "specific" areas
81
function of CN I
sense of smell
82
Function of CN II
vision
83
Function of CN III
eye movements; eye up, down, and medial; constriction of pupils, tear ducts
84
Function of CN IV
eye movements; downward gaze
85
Function of CN V
biting down, muscles of mastication
86
Function of CN VI
eye movements; lateral
87
function of CN VII
expressions, taste
88
function of CN VIII
hearing, balance
89
function of CN IX
visceral sensation
90
function of CN X
motor control, autonomic functions of gut
91
function of CN XI
shoulder and neck muscles
92
function of CN XII
movements of the tongue
93
dorsal column/medial lemniscus system (touch) crosses over in
medulla
94
spinothalamic pathway (pain/temp) crosses over where
doesnt wait to cross over. happens where sensation was felt
95
what is a peduncle
tracts; bundle of axons
96
superior peduncle action
connects midbrain to cerebellum
97
middle peduncle action
connects pons to cerebellum
98
inferior peduncle action
connects medulla to cerebellum
99
summary of cerebellar functions:
coordination of movement, balance, and posture
100
what is the reticular formation
a complex neural network that includes the reticular nuclei, their connections, and ascending and descending reticular pathways
101
where is the reticular formation located
in brainstem tegmentum
102
Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) consists of
midbrain and upper pons; maintain alert conscious state in the forebrain
103
Caudal reticular formation consists of
pons and medulla; motor, reflex, and autonomic
104
a coma is dysfunction of which reticular system?
ARAS; dysfunction of upper brainstem
105
What part of the brainstem is this?
upper midbrain; due to cerebral aqueduct, trigeminal lemniscus, red nucleus, oculomotor nucleus
106
What part of the brainstem is this?
junction of midbrain and pons
107
Tectum contains the
pretectal area and the colliculi
108
pretectal area is involved in
reflexes of the eye
109
inferior colliculi relays
auditory info from the cochlear nuclei to superior colliculus, medial geniculate body of thalamus, and reticular activating system
110
superior colliculi receives
sensory and motor information are involved in reflexive eye and head movements
111
reticular activating system
activates entire nervous system
112
what area is this?
upper pons
113
what area is this?
lower pons
114
stroke of the pons results in
loss of balance, facial drooping, no lateral eye tracking, difficulty chewing, and paralyzes.
115
What are the two vertical bulges of the medulla called
pyramids
116
what are the two small oval lumps on the medulla called
olives
117
what area is this
upper medulla
118
what area is this
inferior medulla
119
functions of the medulla
- contributes to control of head movements
- coordinates swallowing
- helps regulate cardiovascular, respiratory, and visceral activity
120
what is the cerebellum best at?
coordination!!!! of ongoing movement
121
where is the cerebellum located
posterior cranial fossa behind pons and medulla, inferior to occipital lobe
122
tentorium cerebelli separates
the cerebellum from the occipital lobe
123
what is this
vermis
124
spinocerebellum
(vermis and paravermal regions) integrates proprioceptive info
precentral gyrus --> cerebellum for coordination --> to person
125
cerebrocerebellum
(lateral hemisphere) coordinates precise distal voluntary movement
coordination of fine distal movements
126
vestibulocerebellum
(flocculonodular lobe; flocculus and nodulus) integrates visual and vestibular input to coordinate motor activities for posture, head, and eye movements
coordination of head and eye movements
