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Neuroanatomy > Week 1 content (Intro and Cerebral Hemispheres) > Flashcards

Week 1 content (Intro and Cerebral Hemispheres) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a brain lesion?

A

the area of brain damage and dysfunction

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2
Q

DALYs

A

disability-adjusted life-years; the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability

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3
Q

what is the most common disease and cause of death

A

stroke

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4
Q

Nervous system is made up of

A

CNS and PNS

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5
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) contains

A

brain (cerebral region, brainstem and cerebellar region)
spinal cord (all segments)
**protected by bone

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6
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

all nervous system structures NOT encased in bone
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves

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7
Q

main parts of the human CNS

A

prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), rhombencephalon (hindbrain), and spinal cord

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8
Q

what color is all nuclei in the brain?

A

all nuclei will be GREY

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9
Q

Portions of the prosencephalon (forebrain)

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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10
Q

parts of the telencephalon/cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei

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11
Q

color of cerebral cortex

A

grey

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12
Q

what is basal ganglia?

A

groups of basal forebrain nuclei

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13
Q

parts of midbrain

A

cerebral peduncles, midbrain tectum, midbrain tegmentum

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14
Q

parts of the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

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15
Q

anatomical directions: ABOVE the midbrain: anterior =

A

rostral

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16
Q

anatomical directions: ABOVE the midbrain: posterior=

A

caudal

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17
Q

anatomical directions: ABOVE the midbrain: superior =

A

dorsal

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18
Q

anatomical directions: ABOVE the midbrain: inferior =

A

ventral

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19
Q

anatomical directions: BELOW the midbrain: anterior =

A

ventral

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20
Q

anatomical directions: BELOW the midbrain: posterior =

A

dorsal

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21
Q

anatomical directions: BELOW the midbrain: superior =

A

rostral

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22
Q

anatomical directions: BELOW the midbrain: inferior =

A

caudal

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23
Q

sagittal plane of brain

A

right and left portions

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24
Q

midsagittal plane

A

directly down the middle

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25
parasagittal plane
slightly off the center
26
horizontal or axial or transverse plane
above or below portion
27
coronal plane
anterior and posterior portions
28
basic unit of nervous system
neuron
29
what makes up a neuron
cell body (soma), dendrites, axon, pre-synaptic terminals
30
cell body of a neuron
uses info brought in
31
dendrites of a neuron
receives info
32
axon uses what to do its job
myelin
33
myelin
high fat content, appears white doesn't allow sodium and potassium exchange to sit still doesn't allow signal to get lost
34
pre-synaptic terminals
signals are sent to other dendrites
35
node of Ranvier
where K & Na transfer happens (continuing of signal flow)
36
gray matter
areas of the CNS that primarily contain neuronal CELL BODIES and dendrites
37
white matter
composed of axons, projections of the neurons
38
information is integrated in _______ matter
gray matter
39
groups of the cell bodies in the CNS are called
nucleus (thalamus, BASAL ganglia)
40
groups of the cell bodies in the PNS are called
ganglion (ganglia - plural)
41
______ convey info away from cell bodies, among different parts of the nervous system
axons
42
a bundle of myelinated axons that travel together in the CNS is called
tract (long), lemniscus, column, or peduncle (circle) **all white matter
43
Commissure define
white matter pathway that connects structures on the right and left sides of the body in the midbrain (corpus callosum)
44
thin layer of gray matter covering each hemisphere
cerebral cortex
45
ridges in brain
gyrus
46
grooves in brain
sulcus
47
longitudinal fissure
48
central sulcus
49
pre-post central gyrus
50
pre-post central sulcus
51
precentral gyrus
stimulation of this area results in movement in the opposite half of the body somatic motor cortex
52
postcentral gyrus
somatic sensory cortex -helps you feel -touch, all sensory
53
lateral fissure
54
frontal lobe
55
parietal lobe
56
occipital lobe
57
temporal lobe
58
insular cortex
59
limbic cortex
60
which lobe does emotional regulation, planning, reasoning, goal-oriented behavior, personality, and voluntary movement
frontal
61
which lobe does understanding speech
parietal
62
which lobe does vision
occipital
63
which lobe does hearing, balance
temporal
64
which lobe does emotions?
limbic lobe/cortex
65
which lobe is involved in visceral, autonomic and taste functions?
insular cortex/lobe
66
olfactory bulb and tract
involved in smell
67
inferior frontal gyrus
68
inferior frontal gyrus
Broca's area (44 and part of 45) on left side planning of speech
69
3 gyri in frontal lobe
superior, middle and inferior frontal gyrus
70
3 gryi in temporal lobe
superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyrus
71
the superior temporal gyrus is the _______ area
acoustic area
72
PNS afferent axons carry
information toward the CNS - sensory info to CNS from hand touch
73
PNS efferent axons carry
information away from the CNS - carry motor commands from CNS to muscles
74
how many brodmann's areas are there
52
75
postcentral gyrus
76
postcentral sulcus
77
superior temporal gyrus
78
middle temporal gyrus
79
inferior temporal gyrus
80
Sylvian fissure (lateral fissure)
81
superior frontal gyrus
82
middle frontal gyrus
83
inferior frontal gyrus
84
primary sensory cortex
discriminates among different intensities and qualities of sensory information
85
secondary sensory cortex
performs more complex analysis of sensation
86
primary motor cortex
provides descending control of motor output
87
motor planning areas
organize movements
88
association cortex
(broader) controls behavior, interprets sensation, and processes emotions and memories
89
primary somatosensory cortex
located: parietal lobe, postcentral gyrus, central sulcus
90
cortex that has pain, temp, pressure, texture and proprioception stimuli
primary somatosensory cortex
91
cortex where conscious awareness of the intensity of sound (1st sound location)
primary auditory cortex (located in lateral fissure and superior temporal gyrus)
92
cortex where light/dark, various shapes, locations of object and movements of object is formed
primary visual cortex (located in calcarine sulcus
93
primary auditory cortex
conscious awareness of the intensity of sound (1st time you hear something, volume, pitch, pauses)
94
Secondary sensory cortex performs
more complex analysis of sensation. Secondary sensory areas analyze sensory input from the thalamus and the primary sensory cortex
95
secondary somatosensory cortex does
stereognosis and memory of tactile and spatial environment
96
secondary visual cortex does
analysis of motion, color
97
secondary auditory cortex does
classification of sounds
98
define agnosia
the inability to recognize objects or make sense of the incoming information, even though discriminative ability with that sense is intact
99
types of agnosia
astereognosis/tactile agnosia visual agnosia auditory agnosia
100
astereognosis
inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation
101
where is the astereognosis lesion location
secondary somatosensory cortex
102
visual agnosia
inability to visually recognize objects, despite intact vision can describe shapes/size of the object
103
where is the visual agnosia lesion location
secondary visual cortex
104
prosopagnosia
unable to visually identify people's faces can identify voices and mannerism
105
auditory agnosia
patient unable to differentiate and recognize sounds cannot distinguish between footsteps or the doorbell
106
Primary motor cortex provides
descending control of motor output located in precentral gyrus, anterior to central sulcus
107
lesion of primary motor cortex causes
contralateral paresis and loss of fractionation of movement dysarthria
108
dysarthria
difficulty with speech spasticity or paresis of the muscles used for speaking
109
Broca's aphasia
inability to PLAN speech difficulty producing nonverbal communication both speaking and writing
110
apraxia
coordination/movement; "motor agnosia"; not able to plan movement; knowledge of how to perform skilled movement is lost
111
ideomotor apraxia
patient is able to carry out tasks automatically and describe how it is done but is UNABLE to perform on command
112
ideational apraxia
the inability to perform purposeful motor act, either automatically or on command, unable to DESCRIBE how the task task is performed
113
constructional apraxia
inability to comprehend the relationship of parts to whole
114
motor perseveration
uncontrollable repetition of a movement ex: continue to lock and unlock the brakes of a w/c
115
AAAA
Aphasia, Apraxia, Agnosia, Astereognosis
116
what is involved in impulse control, personality, and reactions to surroundings
ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortex
117
damage to this area in the LEFT hemisphere causes Wernicke's aphasia
parietotemporal association cortex
118
wernicke's area
language comprehension including understanding spoken, written, and signed language area 22
119
flow of information during conversation
primary auditory cortex --> secondary auditory cortex --> Wernicke's --> subcortical connections --> Broca's area --> oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex
120
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Primary somatosensory (discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects) What number = 3-1-2 Lesion results in = loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception.
121
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Primary visual (Distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects). What number = 17 Lesion results in = Homonymous hemianopia = Visual field defect that involves vision loss on the same side of the visual field in both eyes
122
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Primary Vestibular (Discriminates among head positions and head movements, contributes to perception of vertical). What number = 40 Lesion results in = Change in awareness of head position and movement and perception of vertical.
123
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Primary Auditory What number = 41 Lesion results in = Loss of conscious localization of sound.
124
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Secondary Somatosensory (Stereognosis and memory of the tactile and spatial envirnment) What number = 5,7 Lesion results in = Astereognosis (Inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation, despite intact discriminative somatosensation).
125
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Secondary Visual (Analysis of motion, color; recognition of visual objects; understanding of visual spatial relationships; control of visual fixation) What number = 18-21 Lesion results in = Visual agnosia (inability to visually recognize objects, despite having intact vision) or Optic ataxia (inability to accurately point to or reach for objects under visual guidance with intact ability when directed by sound or touch despite normal strength).
126
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Secondary Auditory (Classification of sounds) What number = 22,42 Lesion results in = Auditory agnosia (unable to differentiate and recognize sounds).
127
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Primary motor cortex (voluntary controlled movements). What number = 4 Lesion results in = Paresis, loss of fine motor control, spastic dysarthria.
128
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Premotor Area (Control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments). What number = lateral 6 Lesion results in = Apraxia (loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them).
129
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Supplementary motor area (Initation of movement orientation planning, bimanual and sequential movements). What number = Superomedial 6 Lesion results in = Apraxia (loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them).
130
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Broca’s Area (Motor programming of speech, usually left hemisphere) What number = 44, part of 45 Lesion results in = Broca’s aphasia (usually left hemisphere) Inferior frontal gyrus (usually right hemisphere) = Planning nonverbal communication (emotional gestures, tone of voice; usually in the right hemisphere). Lesion = Difficulty producing nonverbal communication.
131
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = ventral prefrontal association What number = 11, 44, 45, 47 Function = Emotion, motivation, personality
132
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Parietotempotal Association What number = 39, 40, parts of 7, 19, 21, 22, 37 Function = Sensory integration, problem solving, understanding language and spacial relationships.
133
What cortical area? What number? Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Dorsolateral prefrontal association What number = lateral 8 and 9; 46 Function = Goal-oriented behavior, self-awareness

Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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