Quiz 2 (Lab 4-5) Flashcards
1
Q
where is the mouth
A
Very beginning of digestive tract
2
Q
what does the mouth do
A
- pick up food
- adds saliva
3
Q
what does saliva do
A
gets added to the food to make it easier to swallow
4
Q
tongues main function
A
used to move food around for chewing and swallowing
5
Q
taste buds do what
A
enhance eating
6
Q
tech do what
A
- bite, tear and chew food
- makes larger pieces of food easier to swallow by starting to break them down
7
Q
incisor teeth
A
used to bite and grab food
8
Q
canine teeth
A
used to bite, tear and rip off
9
Q
premolar teeth
A
sheer, grind and mash food
10
Q
molars
A
most rigorous chewing and breakdown
11
Q
how many top dog teeth in one quadrant
A
3
1
4
2
12
Q
how many bottom dog teeth in one quadrant
A
3
1
4
3
13
Q
order of teeth from from to back
A
- incisors
- canines
- premolars
- molars
14
Q
how many top cat teeth in one quadrant
A
3
1
3
1
15
Q
how many bottom cat teeth in one quadrant
A
3
1
2
1
16
Q
what is the esophagus
A
muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
17
Q
how does the esophagus move
A
moves in a wave-like fashion called peristalsis
18
Q
peristalsis is
A
involuntary muscle movement
19
Q
peristalsis allows what to happen
A
transport food from mouth to the stomach
20
Q
what happens when there is no food in the esophagus
A
the walls of the esophagus collapse in on each other, making a closed space
21
Q
what does the stomach connect
A
Connects the esophagus to the small intestine
22
Q
what is the cardia
A
. The inlet or opening from the esophagus into the stomach
23
Q
what is the stomach
A
the large sac-like anatomy of the GI tract
24
Q
what does the lining of the stomach contain
A
glands that produce hydrochloric acid and enzymes
25
what do enzymes do
digest food
26
what do the stomach muscles do
mix and move the food
27
what do the glands in the stomach do
- produce mucous
28
the mucous protects the stomach wall from what
being digested by its own acid and enzymes
29
first of 3 basic functions of the stomach
short term storage area so animal can consume a large meal
30
second of 3 basic functions of the stomach
chemical and enzymatic digestion begins in the stomach, particularly of proteins
31
third of 3 basic functions of the stomach
the stomach's contractions mix and grind food with secretions, liquefying or blending the food, a necessary step before the food is delivered to the small intestine
32
what does the small intestine connect
which extends between the stomach and large intestine
33
the longest portion of the intestinal tract is what
small intestine
34
how long is the small intestine
2.5 times the animals total body length
35
what happens in the small intestine
The small intestine is where the absorption of almost all nutrients into the blood occurs
36
3 parts of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
37
what happens to the food particles when in the small intestine
food particles are exposed to enzymes and bile, which convert the food to even smaller particles capable of being absorbed into the blood
38
what other things beside food particles does the small intestine absorb
water
electrolytes
other molecules
39
where does the duodenum attach to
the stomach
40
is the duodenum short
yes relatively short
41
what connects to the duodenum
gallbladder and pancreas connect to the duodenum by the bile and pancreatic ducts respectively
42
where are enzymes and other secretions produced that are important for digestion
liver and pancreas
43
what happens when the enzymes pass through the ducts into the duodenum
mix with the food
44
which is the longest part of the small intestine
jejunum
45
what is found in the jejunum
finger-like projections called villi
46
what do villi do
Villi protrude inward into the food contents and provide a large surface area to absorb nutrients
47
what is the ileum
a passageway into the large intestine
48
what does the gall bladder do
a storage receptacle for bile
49
what is bile
a fluid that is essential for digesting food in the stomach and intestines
50
what does the liver function in
secretion of the bile
51
what does the bile duct do
transports bile from the liver into the gallbladder and into the small intestine
52
what is insulin
regulates glucose in the body
53
what does insulin allow glucose to do
allows glucose in bloodstream to leave and enter cells
54
pancreas 2 main functions
- produces insulin to regulate glucose
| - produces digestive enzymes to help digest food
55
protease enzyme
breaks down protein
56
what is the protease enzyme called in dogs
trypsin
57
lipase enzyme
breaks down fat
58
amylase enzyme
breaks down carbohydrates
59
what does the large intestine connect
small intestine to the anus
60
the large intestine is _______ and _______ than the small intestine
The large intestine is wider and shorter than the small intestine
61
what does the large intestine include (4)
cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
62
what is the longest part of the large intestine
colon
63
3 sections of the colon are
ascending, transverse and descending
64
primary function of the colon
absorb water from feces as needed,
65
by absorbing water from the feces what does this do
keeps the hydration level of the body constant
66
secondary function of the colon
store fecal matter awaiting passage from the body
67
what is bloat
100% MEDICAL EMERGENCY!!!!
68
another name for bloat
GDV - gastric dilatation volvulus
69
what happens during gastric dilatation
the stomach fills up with air and puts pressure on the other organs and diaphragm
70
the pressure creates does gastric dilatation what to the dog
The pressure on the diaphragm makes it difficult for the dog to breathe
71
what can the air filled stomach compress which prevents what
compresses large veins in the abdomen, thus preventing blood from returning to the heart
72
what happens after the stomach is filled with air
the stomach can easily rotate on itself, thus pinching off its blood supply
73
what is the rotation of the stomach called
volvulus
74
which breed is most susceptible to bloat
Great Danes or large, deep chested dogs
75
dogs most at risk (4)
- older than 7
- males 2x more likely
- dogs fed once a day
- nervous dogs
76
4 bloat symptoms
bloated abdomen, retching, restlessness, panting
77
what surgery prevents bloat in the future
gastropexy
78
what is a foreign body
Anything ingested by the animal that will not readily pass through the digestive tract
79
examples of foreign bodies (3)
```
toys
bones
underwear
string
grass
hair
```
80
3 symptoms of a foreign body
vomiting inappetence
| tender abdomen
81
what can string especially do to the intestinal tract
especially strings, can often lead to perforation of the intestinal tract and spillage of intestinal contents into the abdomen.
82
peritonitis
to inflammation of the abdominal lining
83
peritonitis leads to
sepsis
84
sepsis is what
bacterial proliferation and contamina
85
when does barium not work
Barium will not work with possible perferations
86
EPI stands for what
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
87
what does EPI mean
a decrease or absence of digestive enzymes
88
most common breed for EPI to exist
German shepards
89
what happens to dogs with EPI
proteins, starches, and fats found in their diet cannot be broken down into small enough pieces that allow them to be absorbed through the intestinal wall.
90
what can happen if this is not treated
without treatment, the dog literally starves to death even though it may be constantly eating
91
what happens to all the nutrients in their food
The value and substance of the food, therefore, stays in the gastrointestinal tract and is passed out in the feces undigested
92
symptoms of EPI
- rapid weight loss
- poor coat quality
- yellow or clay coloured mashed potato like diarrhea
93
how to treat EPI
replacing the dog's pancreatic enzymes with enzymes from other source
94
what is canine parvovirus (CPV)
highly contagious viral illness that affects dogs in the intestinal tract
95
what does Parvo do to the intestinal tract
affects the body's ability to absorb nutrients
96
what happens to puppy with Parvo
quickly become dehydrated and weak from lack of protein and fluid absorption.
97
how to prevent Parvo
early vaccination in young puppies
98
most Parvo cases are seen in what age of dogs
six weeks and six months old
99
parvo symptoms
- Severe, bloody diarrhea
- Lethargy
- Anorexia
- Fever
- Vomiting
- Severe weight loss
100
2 main functions of the respiratory system
- exchange of gases
| - cooling mechanism
101
what happens with the exchange of gases
oxygen is inspired and carbon dioxide is expired
102
3 other functions of the rest system
- warms and humidifies inhaled air
- filters out particulate material
- provides a sense of smell
103
upper respiratory tract order (5)
```
Nose
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis
```
104
what do the nose and mouth both do
take air into the body
105
what do cilia do
filter debris and foreign material from the air before it enters the body
106
where are cilia found
line the nasal cavity
107
what does the nasal cavity do to the air before it enter the trachea
warms and moistens the air
108
when is the sense of smell activated
As air passes over the back portion of the nose
109
what is the olfactory region area responsible for
smell
110
there is extensive blood supply to the ___________ which does what
- Nasal Cavity
| - The blood supply to this area is extensive and contributes to warming the inspired air
111
what does the olfactory region contain
mucous membrane of this region contains special nerves designed for smell
112
dogs don't have what
sweat glands - except on their feet
113
how do dogs cool down
they pant
114
how does panting help cool down a dog
By breathing faster, warm air is exchanged from the body for the cooler outside air
115
where is the pharynx located
at the back of the mouth and throat
116
what does the pharynx do
both food and air are transported to deeper structures
117
what is the nasopharynx
The portion of the pharynx that is part of the respiratory tract
118
what does the nasopharynx connect
the back of the nasal cavity to the larynx
119
another name for larynx
voice box
120
where is the larynx located
directly behind the base of the tongue and soft palate
121
what is the larynx in between
the pharynx and the trachea
122
what do the the larynx and epiglottis do
covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter into the windpipe
123
what happens in the larynx
all sounds are created such as growling, purring, vocalizing
124
what is the trachea made of
many C-shaped cartilages that are strung together
125
what does the trachea connect
connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs
126
what happens at the end of the trachea
it splits into two branches, with one branch for each set of lung
127
the 2 split branches are new airway passages called what
brooch
128
the trachea is what shape
semi-rigid, flexible tube
129
what is the trachea lined with
cilia
130
how do debris and foreign substances get out of the trachea
returns those substances to the mouth through the act of coughing.
131
what does the trachea do
serves to conduct air downward into the lungs
132
what do the bronchi do
bring air from the trachea into the lungs
133
what are the bronchi lined with
cilia
134
the cilia and mucous membranes do what in the bronchi
trap particles to be expelled via coughing
135
the main bronchi divide into what
smaller bronchi then
| bronchioles then alveoli
136
what are alveoli
tiny air pockets within the lung
137
what happens in the alveoli
the blood makes contact with the individual cells in the lungs and oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide
138
how are alveolus suppled
by a vast network of microscopic blood vessels known as capillaries
139
what is Intubation
Placement of a somewhat flexible plastic tube into the trachea to maintain a patent airway during anesthesia
140
what does intubation do
Delivers oxygen and/or anesthetic directly to the lungs
141
what can happen when you intubate
Can easily place the tube into the esophagus
142
what will happen when the tube is placed correctly
cough
143
what must you do before you intubate a cat
laryngeal spray first
144
what is wrong if an animal starts to wake up when placing the tube
not in the right spot
145
what should you visualize to confirm successful intubation
larynx
146
what is Laryngeal paralysis
is a disorder in which the nerves that control the muscles and cartilage that open and close the larynx do not function properly
147
what does Laryngeal paralysis cause
- voice changes
| - difficulty with eating or breathing
148
what does the laryngeal cartilages normally do
pulled open during breathing
149
if Laryngeal paralysis occurs the laryngeal cartilages are not functioning normally why
cartilages do not open and close properly, making it difficult for the animal to take in air normally
150
what is a common type of dog to get Laryngeal paralysis
- older, large breed dogs
- Labrador Retrievers -Golden Retrievers
- Saint Bernards
- Siberian Huskies
151
the larynx is normal at birth but what happens over time to cause Laryngeal paralysis
the nerves and muscles that control the laryngeal cartilages lose function
152
what surgery will help with Laryngeal paralysis
laryngeal tie back
153
what happens during a laryngeal tie back
involves putting one or more permanent sutures in place to hold the arytenoid cartilage open so that adequate air can pass through
154
what is a collapsing trachea
the trachea will lose its rigidity and collapse while the dog is breathing
155
how does a collapsing trachea happen
cartilage rings weaken and the trachea no longer has proper support for unknown reasons
156
how is the trachea supported
tough rings made of cartilage
157
symptoms of a collapsed trachea (4)
- Dry honking cough
- Difficulty breathing
- Unproductive efforts to vomit (retching)
- Abnormally rapid breathing
- Abnormal breathing sounds
- Inability to perform routine exercises
- Bluish colored membranes
- Spontaneous loss of consciousness
158
collapsing trachea is most common in what kind of breeds
- Miniature poodles
- Yorkshire terriers
- Chihuahuas
- Pomeranians
- other small and toy breeds
159
virus associate with kernel cough
Bordetella
160
is there a vaccine for kennel cough
yes
161
when do dogs typically get kennel cough
Often acquired after boarding or playing with other dogs as is transmitted via direct contact
162
is treat meant always required
-NO
163
how can you make kennel cough worse
palpation of trachea
164
what does kennel cough typically present as
dry, hacking cough – sometimes like a “goose honk”
165
URI mean what
Upper Respiratory Infection
166
URI are most common in ____
cats
167
Lower Respiratory Tract order
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
168
two most common characteristics of URI
sneezing
| eye discharge
169
what does a URI effect
mouth, nasal passages, sinuses, upper airway
170
what are 80-90% of URI cases caused by
feline herpes
171
another name for feline herpes
rhinotracheitis virus
172
another reason for for URI
calicivirus
173
how are the rhinotracheitis and calicivirus virus spread
spread through contact with the discharge from the eyes and nose of an infected cat
174
what can transmit these viruses
Food dishes, hands, bedding, etc., which have been contaminated with infected discharge, can transmit these viruses from one cat to another.
175
treatment for URIs
making sure the cat is eating, hydrated and resting
176
bad URIs may require
oral antibiotics
| eye ointments
177
how to prevent URI's
vaccines
178
pneumothorax is what
Air inside the chest cavity, but outside the lungs
179
what does a pneumothorax do
Air outside of the lungs prevent them from inflating normally and can lead to lung collapse
180
symptoms of pneumothorax
- rapid breathing, -respiratory distress
- tachycardia
- bluish mucous membranes
181
what is abdominal breathing
breath seems to be the abdominal wall moving rather than the chest expanding
182
what is subcutaneous emphysema
air trapped under the skin and it feels like “crackling”
183
what is hemothorax
Blood in the chest cavity
184
what is the cause of a hemothorax
Can be due to trauma or disease process
185
how to treat or drain a hemothorax
Thoracocentesis
186
how to diagnose a hemothorax
x-ray and/or ultrasound
187
signs and symptoms of a hemothorax
same as pneumothorax
188
what is Pleural Effusion
Abnormal amounts of fluid in the chest cavity
189
what is the cause of a Pleural Effusion
Can be due to trauma or disease process
190
signs and symptoms of a Pleural Effusion
same as pneumothorax
191
how to diagnose a Pleural Effusion
x-ray and/or ultrasound
192
how to treat or drain a Pleural Effusion
Thoracocentesis
193
what is dyspnea
open mouth, panting, stretched neck
194
what is a Diaphragmatic Hernia
Muscular partition between the chest and the abdomen has been torn or is otherwise disrupted
195
what is the cause of a Diaphragmatic Hernia
Can be congenital or through trauma
196
what can happen to the abdominal contents when a Diaphragmatic Hernia occurs
Abdominal contents such as stomach, liver, intestines, etc move up into the chest cavity
197
how to diagnose a Diaphragmatic Hernia
Diagnostics include x-ray and/or ultrasound
198
signs and symptoms of a Diaphragmatic Hernia
Signs include tachycardia and dyspnea
