Test 2 (Lectures 5-8) Flashcards
1
Q
what is an animal with single true stomach
A
monogastric
2
Q
examples ruminants
A
deer, moose, cows, sheep, goats
3
Q
examples of monogastrics
A
horses, cats, dogs
4
Q
ruminants have 4 stomachs what are they
A
- reticulum
- rumen
- omasum
- abomasum
5
Q
5 digestive organs in order
A
- mouth
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
6
Q
the small intestine includes what 2 other organs
A
liver and pancreas
7
Q
do carnivores have mouth enzymes to breakdown food
A
no
8
Q
herbivore
A
plant eater
9
Q
Carnivore
A
meat eater
10
Q
Omnivore
A
both plants and meat eater
11
Q
the start of food breakdown is what
A
Food is typically chewed
12
Q
what are Herbivore teeth designed for
A
designed for grinding plant material
13
Q
what are Carnivore teeth designed for
A
tearing and biting
14
Q
what are Carnassial teeth
A
shearing and cutting flesh
15
Q
what are Omnivore teeth designed for
A
- flat teeth at the back for grinding
- sharp teeth at the front for tearing and biting
16
Q
carnivores genrally have what kind of teeth
A
a high number of highly curved teeth
17
Q
herbivores genrally have what kind of teeth
A
have teeth with flat occlusal surfaces
18
Q
Omnivores genrally have what kind of teeth
A
sharp and flat
19
Q
the process of chewing is called
A
mastication
20
Q
what enzymes aid in pre-digestion of food in the oral cavity
A
amylase
lipase
21
Q
what does amylase aid in
A
breakdown of starch
22
Q
which enzyme is present in carnivores
A
amylase
23
Q
what is bovine
A
cow saliva
24
Q
how much saliva do cows produce per day
A
25-50 gallons
25
when is lipase normally present orally
in animals on a high milk diet
26
what is the esophagus
Is a muscular tube connecting the oral cavity with the stomach
27
the esophagus is _____
multi-layered
28
the esophagus is made up muscles what do the two different muscles do
outer longitudinal muscles: shorten and contract
| circular layer: constricts
29
peristalsis occurs in the esophagus what is it
coordinated effort of squeezing and stretching, simultaneously, results in rhythmic contraction
30
how long does it take for food to move from the mouth to the stomach
20-30 seconds
31
what controls the reflux
a sphincter muscle at the stomach end of the esophagus
32
ruminants esophagus operates how
bi-directionally
33
which is the smallest part of the stomach
reticulum
34
when smaller digesta or liquid particles enter the reticulum where do they move
to the omasum
35
when large particles enter the reticulum where do they move
into the rumen for further digestion
36
the reticulum traps specific things what are these specific things
- heavy dense object that the animal consumes (metal)
37
how many L does the reticulum hold?
19 L
38
which two stomachs are considered the same
the rumen and reticulum are considered one organ
39
reticulorumen
small muscular fold of tissue separating the rumen and reticulum
40
the structure of the rumen is what
a series of muscular sacks
41
the main purpose of the rumen is
fermentation
42
what does anaerobic mean
no oxygen
43
what gases are produced in the rumen
- carbon dioxide
- methane
- hydrogen sulfide
44
the rumen and reticulum combined make up how much volume of the stomach
84%
45
how many L does the rumen hold
150 L
46
what shape is the omasum
spherical
47
how does it connect to the reticulum
by a short tunnel
48
the omasum is made up of what
muscular folds
49
the omasum has muscular folds which do what
the surface area, which increases the area that absorbs nutrients from feed and water
50
the main 3 purposes of the omasum
- Breaks down food and conveys it into the abomasum
| - Removes excess fatty acids and bicarbonate ions
51
how many Ls does the omasum hold
57 L
52
the abomasum is the _____ stomach
true
53
what does the abomasum produce?
- hydrochloric acid
| - digestive enzymes
54
what is an example of a digestive enzyme and what does it do
- pepsin
| - breaks down proteins
55
what does the abomasum receive and from what
- digestive enzymes secreted by the Pancras
56
the secretions form the Pancras into the abomasum do what
secretions help prepare proteins for absorption in the intestines
57
there are chief cells in the abomasum what do they do
secrete mucous to protect the abomasal wall from acid damage
58
how many L does the abomasum hold
26 L
59
B12 vitamens do what
- help with DNA production
| - keep nerve cells healthy
60
B9 vitamens do what
- efficient use of iron
| - make red blood cells
61
the monogastric stomach main function is to
Digestion of simple carbohydrates only
62
the monogatric stomach lining produces what 3 things
- mucous
- hydrochloric acid
- enzymes
63
all the energy gained from food goes where
released into the blood stream excluding the energy used to walk, drink etc
64
how long is the small intestine
2.5 times the length of the animals body
65
what happens in the small intestine
absorption of almost all nutrients into the blood occurs
66
in the small intestine what happens to the food
- exposed to enzymes and bile
| - this converts the food to even smaller particles capable of being absorbed into the blood
67
what else does the small intestine absorb
- water
- electrolytes
- other molecules
68
3 parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
69
the duodenum is short or long
relatively short
70
what other 2 organs are attached to the duodenum
pancreas and gall bladder by the pancreas and gall bladder ducts
71
which is the longest part of the small intestine
the jejunum
72
what things are in the jejunum
finger-like projections called villi
73
after food contents have been through the jejunum what happens
contents of the jejunum empty into the ileum and from there pass into the large intestine
74
what do villi do
protrude inward into the food contents and provide a large surface area to absorb nutrients
75
what drug affects the small intestine
antibiotics
76
what can cause diarrhea
under-active small intestine rather than an over-active one
77
what compounds can affect intestinal activity
hormones
78
what is bile
a fluid
essential for digesting food in the
stomach and intestines
79
what does the bile duct do
transports bile from liver to the gall bladder and then into the small intestine
80
what is the gall bladder
storage receptacle for bile
81
how does the liver function
in the secretion of the bile
82
what does insulin do
Insulin allows glucose in bloodstream to leave and enter cells
83
what thing breaks down into glucose and then enters the blood stream
carbohydrates
84
the pancreas does what 2 things
- Produces insulin which regulates glucose in the body
| - Produces digestive enzymes to help digest food
85
protease
breaks down protein
86
what is the protein called in dogs
trypsin
87
lipase
breaks down fat
88
amylase
breaks down carbohydrates
89
do humans have a cecum
NO
90
what is the cecum
secondary fermentation system
91
what are the four parts of the large intestine
cecum
colon
rectum
anal canal
92
what is the longest part of the large intestine
colon
93
3 parts of the colon
ascending, transverse and descending colon
94
main function of the colon
recover water from feces as needed to keep hydration levels consistent
95
secondary function of the colon
store fecal matter awaiting passage from the body
96
the rectum has 2 types of sphincter muscles
internal and external sphincter muscles
97
internal sphincter muscles are under ______ control
autonomic
98
external sphincter muscles are under ______ control
voluntary
99
what are structures external to the lungs are known as
upper respiratory tract
100
what are structures internal known as
lower respiratory tract
101
when do the respiratory and digestive tract come in contact
the back of the throat
102
upper resp tract consists of
```
nose
mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
```
103
where is air drawn into the lungs
through openings in the nose called nostrils
104
when is the sense of smell activated
As air passes over the back portion of the nose
105
what are the nasal passages seperated by
nasal septum
106
what happens in the nasal passages
warm, filter and humidify incoming air
107
where is the olfactory region located
in the back of the nasal cavity
108
the olfactory region has a mucous membrane which contains what
special nerves designed for smell
109
do dogs have sweat glands
No except for on their feet
110
how do dogs cool down?
by panting
111
how does panting cool a dog down
By breathing faster, warm air is exchanged from the body for the cooler outside air.
112
what specific things are found in the nasal cavity
Cilia and mucous
113
Cilia and mucous in the nasal cavity do what
trap and remove materials that otherwise might be inhaled
114
what are sinuses and where are they found
in various pouches in various skull bones within the nasal passage and they do the same thing as the Cilla
115
dogs have how many sinuses and what are they called
2
| frontal and the maxillary
116
other sinus possibilities
sphenoidal and ethmoida
117
why do sinuses become irritated or swollen
infection, allergies, or cancerous conditions
118
swollen and irritated sinuses is a general condition referred to as
sinusitis
119
what meds can be used to treat sinusitis
antibiotics and deconges
120
where do the nasal passages lead into
pharynx
121
the pharynx is also called the ______
throat
122
the pharynx is also a part of the _______ system
digestive
123
what does the larynx contain
many segments of cartilage, connected by muscle
124
what is the larnyx held in pace by
the hyoid bone
125
how many cartilage components make up the larynx
varies between animal species
126
what is the most important cartilage component of the larynx
epiglottis
127
what happens when an animal swallows
the epiglottis is normally pulled back to cover the opening of the larynx
128
the larynx has 3 functions what are they
- makes sounds
- prevents materials from entering the lungs
- controls the flow of air into and out of the lungs
129
the trachea is a _____ and _____ tube
The trachea is a short, wide tube
130
what keeps the trachea open
hyaline cartilage rings
131
structure of the trachea
a tube of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle
132
what is the trachea's lining similar to
that of the nasal passage
133
what helps with the removal of trapped materials
Cilia and mucous
134
how can you clear the trachea
by coughing
135
what tube like structure enters the lungs on either side
bronchi
136
where are the lungs located
located above the diaphragm
137
what is the diaphragm
a sheet of muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavity
138
another word for branches
bifurcates
139
the right and left bronchus divide into what
- bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- group of alveoli
140
what is surfactant
a substance in the alveoli that promotes gas exchange by reducing surface area tension
141
what is the structure of the alveoli
small, thin-walled sac
142
what are the alveoli responsible for
for the exchange of respiratory gases
143
the respiratory gases are what
oxygen and carbon dioxide
144
what are the alveoli surrounded by
capillary bed of branches from the pulmonary arterioles and venules
145
what covers the various organs of the thorax and also lines the thoracic cavity
pleural membrane
146
the pleural membrane has 2 layers which are called what
visceral layer and the parietal layer
147
the space between the visceral layer and the parietal layer is filled with what
pleural lubricating fluid
148
what is the tidal volume
is the volume of air taken in and expelled during one respiratory cycle of breath
149
what is the minute volume
the volume of air taken in and expelled during one minute
150
how is gas exchange during respiration controlled
by the process of diffusion
151
what is the residual volume
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration
152
how much oxygen and carbon dioxide is present in inhaled air
21% oxygen
| 0.03% carbon dioxide
153
The alveolar capillary bed contains what (levels)
relatively low levels of oxygen and much higher levels of carbon dioxide
154
how does oxygen typically diffuse
from alveolar air into the blood of the alveolar capillary bed
155
how does carbon dioxide typically diffuse
in the opposite direction of oxygen
156
where is the respiratory centre of the brain
located in the medullary oblongata
157
what does the respiratory centre of the brain do
control the respiratory muscles at a subconscious level
158
can the autonomic system (breathing) be overridden
yes consciously
159
how is normal breathing maintained
a mechanical control system with stretch receptors in the lungs
160
what is Agonal breathing
not enough oxygen from breathing to support the brain
161
what does Agonal breathing lead to
lends to unconsciousness
162
during Agonal breathing what is not happening
it is not actually oxygenation happening at all
163
what do Chemical receptors in blood vessels do
monitor physical and chemical blood constituents
164
what are chemical blood constituents
oxygen, carbon dioxide and blood pH
165
what happens after the chemical control system monitors these levels
signals the respiratory centre to modify the breathing process in an attempt to maintain homeostasis
166
what do senses allow the animal to do
to monitor what is happening both internally and externally
167
what are sense organs an extension of
central nervous system (CNS)
168
what do all senses contain
modified nerve endings called sensory receptors
169
what happens when the sensory receptors receive stimuli
nerve impulses are sent to the CNS
170
3 types of mechanical senses
- touching
- hearing
- balance
171
2 types of thermal senses
- hot
| - cold
172
1 type of Electromagnetic senses
- vision
173
2 types of chemical sense
- Taste
| - smell
174
visceral sensations are generally _____ and poorly ______
visceral sensations are generally vague and poorly localized
175
what kind of stimuli trigger visceral sensations
chemical or mechanical
176
why is the GI tract sensitive to pain
because of stretch receptors
177
which organs are less sensitive to pain
bladder and other hollow organs
178
the pleura and peritoneum have lots of what which can lead to what
sensory receptors which can lead to pleuritis or peritonitis being very painful
179
what is touch monitored by
receptors
180
2 types of receptors
superficial and central
181
what kind of receptors are found in the skin
superficial receptors
182
superficial receptors in the skin do what
generate nerve impulses when the external temperature is either too hot or too cold
183
what monitors the “core” body temperature and how
- Central temperature receptors
| - by monitoring the temperature of the blood
184
where are the Central temperature receptors located and how do we get to them?
- hypothalamus
| - obtained rectally
185
how is temperature control achieved (5)
- blood flow
- piloerection
- sweating
- shivering
- thyroid hormones
186
taste is also called what
Gustatory sense
187
what are the taste buds of the tongue called
papillae
188
where are the majority of last receptor located
on the sides of the taste buds
189
how do we pick out a taste (substances, triggers)
- Dissolved substances enter the taste buds and contact the sensory receptors
– this contact triggers a nerve impulse that travels to the brain where it is interpreted
190
where could other taste receptors be found
lining of the mouth and throat
191
which animals have greater developed olfactory senses
dogs and bear
192
nasal passages are more important in which species
animals over humans
193
where is the sense of smell localized
in two areas or patches of olfactory epithelium located dorsally in both nasal passages
194
what happens when odors dissolve in the mucus
they stimulate sensory areas on olfactory hairs, or cilia, and generate nerve impulses
195
what olfactory cells project into the mucus layers and cover the surface of the epithelium of the nasal area
Hair-like processes
196
how do we hear
Converts vibrations of air molecules into nerve impulses
197
what are the 3 functional areas associated with hearing
external, middle and inner ear
198
where the 3 parts of the ear found
within the temporal bones of the skull
199
what does the external ear do
Collects sound waves and vibrations
200
what makes up the external ear
- pinna
- external auditory canal
- tympanic membrane (eardrum)
201
what is the tympanic membrane made up of
a thin layer of connective tissue
202
what happens when sound waves hit the tympanic membrane
cause it to vibrate at the same frequency and transmit these vibrations to the middle ear
203
the pinna collects and funnel vibrations into
the external auditory canal called the vertical and horizontal ear canal
204
what is the vertical and horizontal ear canal
soft membrane-lined tube the ends at the tympanic membrane
205
what does the middle ear do
Amplifies and transmits vibrations
206
what links the tympanic membrane with the inner ear
Three small bones called ossicles
207
name of the 3 small bones
- malleus (hammer)
- incus (anvil)
- stapes (stirrup)
208
what do the ossicles do
act as a system of levers that transmit the sound wave vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
209
where is the stirrup attached
to the membrane that covers the oval window of the cochlea
210
what does the inner ear do
Contains sensory receptors that convert vibrations to nerve impulses
211
where is the hearing portion of the inner ear contained
in a cavity of the temporal bone called the cochlea
212
what is the receptor organ of hearing filled with and what does it run along
- endolymph
| - runs the length of the cochlea
213
receptor organ of hearing is also known as
the organ of corti
214
The receptor cells of hearing consist of what
hairs that also run the length of the organ of corti
215
when bending sensory hairs what happens
generate nerve impulses that in turn are sent to the brain
216
what does the eye contain to help detect images and generate visual nerve impulses
photoreceptors
217
what are the photoreceptors made up of
a single layer of cells
218
where are the photoreceptors located
in the retina at the back of the eyeball
219
3 layers of the eyeball
- outer fibrous
- middle vascular
- inner nervous
220
what does the outer fibrous do
admits light and gives shape and strength to the eye
221
what is the outer layer composed of
cornea and sclera
222
what is the cornea
a transparent window that admits light and contains collagen fibres
223
what doesn't the cornea contain
blood vessels
224
what does the eye also contain
pain receptors
225
what is the
the largest component of the outer eye
226
what is the sclera
- the white of the eye
| - is a dense fibrous connective tissue
227
5 parts of the female reproductive system
- Ovaries
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Vulva
- Mammary glands
228
where are ovaries suspended from
the top of the abdomen
229
what are the ovaries suspended by
a broad ligament called the suspensory ligament
230
what are oviducts
small tubes that extend from the ovaries to the uterine horns
231
the funnel-like structure, found at the end of the oviduct nearest the ovary is called what
the infundibulum
232
what does the infundibulum do
catches the egg (ovum) when it is released from the ovary
233
what shape is a cat uterus
Y shape
234
which part of the Y is longer
arms of the Y are longer
235
what are the arms of the Y and the stem of the Y called
arms: horns
stem: body
236
what do the uterine horns do?
extend from each ovary and join to form the body of the uterus
237
what happens when a female gets pregnant (fetuses)
the fetuses are arranged in a row in both horns
238
what is the very tip or base of the Y called
cervix
239
what are the walls of the uterus lined with
- vascular and glandular lining called mucosa
| - smooth muscles
240
what is the muscular substance of the uterus called
myometrium
241
what is the inner lining of the uterus called
endometrium
242
what are mammary glands composed of
connective tissue
243
the connective tissue in the mammary glands does what
provide support and structure, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and glandular tissue
244
what do mammary glands contain
small saclike glands that secrete and store milk
245
how does milk travel in the glands
Milk eventually travels through a duct system to empty into the teat
246
how many PAIRS of mammary glands does a cat have
4
247
what are the ovaries located behind
kidney's
248
the cervix separates what
the uterus from the vagina
249
when is puberty/sexual maturity is reached
6 months in GENERAL
250
small breeds can get there first estrus cycle when
earlier than 6 months
251
large breeds can get there first estrus cycle when
18 month - 2 years of age
252
how often do dogs come into heat
2 times a years or once every 6 months
253
how long does heat last
2-3 weeks
254
what will happen first when a dog goes into heat
swelling or engorgement of the external vulva
255
what can happen with a breeding queen
Queens can be bred by more than one male during a heat period, resulting in kittens from the same litter with different sires.
256
gestation period for dogs and cats
63 days
257
cats are considered
induced ovulators
258
what does induced ovulators mean
the act of breeding stimulates or induces ovulation or the release of eggs from the ovaries
259
how many matings must occur in 24 hours in order for ovulation to occur
3-4 matings
260
when can a queen be bred
can be bred at any time during the active stage of estrus or heat
261
Estrus is usually ________
Estrus is usually seasonal
262
other factors (3) that effect Estrus
- # of daylight hours
- health of cat
- age
263
typical feline mating season
spring till autumn
264
polyestrous means what
more than one heat cycle in a year
265
can a cat have a litter in the winter or late fall
yes
266
how long does estrus last in cats
7-10 days
267
how often will estrus repeat until the cat gets pregnant
14 to 21
268
whelping
is the term for giving birth
269
queen
female unspayed cat
270
Tom
male unneutered cat
271
bitch
female unspayed dog
272
dog
male unneutered dog
273
male reproductive system (9)
- Penis
- 2 testicles
- scrotum
- prostate gland
- 2 bulbourethral glands
- epididymis
- ductus deferens
- spermatic cords
- the urethra
274
another name for bulbourethral glands
Cowper’s glands
275
another name for ductus deferens
vas deferens
276
what structure is found at the base of the penis
bulbus glandis
277
what is the bulbus glandis
a knot of tissue that surrounds the penis and becomes enlarged during erection
278
what does the bulbus glandis do
"knot" that locks them into a female during breeding
279
the erected knot is called what
"the tie"
280
how long does "the tie" last?
5 – 20 minutes
281
what can happen in neutered dogs when they
| are excited.
the knot can get enlarged
282
what is an Ovariohysterectomy
Surgery removes the ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterus
283
is an Ovariohysterectomy a major surgery
YES
284
another name for an Orchidectomy
castration
285
Orchidectomy is _____ invasive than an Ovariohysterectomy
less
286
what is a cryptorchid male
one or both testicles are retained in the abdomen
287
in cat what is different about an Orchidectomy
Involves just a tiny incision right over the testicles
| - minimal invasive and no sutures
288
what is Pyometra
Infection of the uterus
289
what is a Pyometra considered
serious and life threatening
290
why does a Pyometra happen
a result of hormonal changes and lack of breeding
291
what kind of dogs does a pyometra happen in
middle to older female dogs 2-8 weeks after last heat
292
pyometras can be what
open or closed
293
4 S + S of pyometra
- Anorexic
- Listless and depressed
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Increased water consumption
- Increased body temperature
- Pus dripping from vulva (if open)
294
what is a vaginal prolapse
refers to a mass which protrudes from the vaginal area
295
what kind of animals can a vaginal prolapse affect
- all animals of any age typical in younger animals
296
is the prognosis for a prolapse good
yes but may secure again requiring surgery
297
if the prolapse is serious what can it prevent
normal urination
298
what is a prolapse similar to in nature
fluid-filled tissue called an edema
299
mammary tutors can be
Benign and malignant
300
in which dogs do tumors of the mammary glands occur fairly frequently in
unspayed female dogs
301
what can prevent mammary gland cancer/tumours
spaying before going into first heat
302
exocrine glands do what
secrete their products on to epithelial surfaces through tiny ducts
303
endocrine glands are _______ glands
ductless
304
endocrine glands do what
secrete tiny amounts of hormones directly into the bloodstream
305
hormones in general do what
circulate through body and produce effects when they find specific receptors
306
6 glands
- Hypothalamus
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Gonads
307
the endocrine glands work together with the what to accomplish what
the endocrine glands work together with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
308
the
| Parathyroid gland is ______
very small
309
where is the Pituitary gland
in the brain
310
the Hypothalamus is a part of what
the brain
311
a nickname for the Hypothalamus might be
mission control
312
the Hypothalamus links what two things together
Links the conscious mind with the rest of the body
313
the Hypothalamus connects certain parts of the brain all together what are these parts
the cerebral cortex with lower brain centres and endocrine system
314
what does the Hypothalamus control (3)
- appetite
- body temp regulation
- wake-sleep cycle
315
6 primary hormones the Anterior Pituitary Gland produces
```
GH
Prolactin
TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH
```
316
what does the GH hormone do
promotes bone and muscle growth and regulates the metabolism of CHO’s, fats and proteins
317
what does prolactin do
triggers and maintains lactation
318
what does TSH do
- stimulates the growth and development of the thyroid gland
| - regulates the production of hormone from the thyroid gland
319
prolactin is only in ______
females
320
what does FSH do
- stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles
| - stimulates the follicles to produce and secrete estrogen
321
what is the relation between LH and FSH
Generally as FSH decreases, LH increases
322
LH does what
completes follicle development
323
ACTH does what
– stimulates the growth and development of the cortex of the adrenal gland and its secretion of hormones
324
what is the Pituitary Gland connected to
hypothalamus gland
325
what is the size of the Pituitary Gland
Pea sized
326
2 parts of the Pituitary Gland are
Anterior (production) and posterior (storage) pituitary glands
327
does the Posterior Pituitary Gland produce hormones?
NO. just stores them
328
what does the Posterior Pituitary Gland do?
releases 2 hormones produced in the hypothalamus (ADH, oxytocin)
329
ADH affects what organ
kidney
330
what does ADH do
conserve water producing more concentrated urine
331
what does oxytocin do
- promoting uterine contractions at birth
| - milk let-down during lactation
332
where are the thyroid glands
2 lobes located on either side of the larynx
333
what do the thyroid glands do?
- Produces two hormones that help regulate metabolic functions and calcitonin
334
what does calcitonin do
regulates blood calcium levels
335
what happens when the thyroid gland is stimulated from the anterior pituitary gland
it produces T3 and T4
336
what is Calcitonin also important for (4)
- blood clotting mechanisms
- secretion of milk
- muscle contraction
- maintenance and formation of bone tissue
337
what is the Calorigenic effect
impact of body’s energy expenditure
338
what does the thyroid hormone effect
- Regulates metabolic rate of all body’s cells
- Calorigenic effect
- maintain constant internal body temperature
339
what are thyroid hormones Necessary for
normal growth and development of CNS, muscles and bones in young animals
340
how do thyroid hormones affect metabolism
- synthesis of proteins
- encourages catabolism of lipids
- maintains homeostasis of blood glucose level
341
where and what are the parathyroid glands
Several small nodules located on or near the thyroid gland
342
what does PTH do
regulates blood calcium levels
343
what does an increase in PTH cause
force the kidneys and intestines to retain calcium as well as cause calcium to be released from bone supplies
344
PTH is the opposite of what
calcitonin
345
what are Epinephrine and norepinephrine involved in
the “fight or flight” response
346
what do Glucocorticoid hormones do
- increase BG levels
- decrease inflammation
- maintains blood pressure
- reduces stress
347
2 sex hör Mohnes
estrogen & androgens
348
what do Mineralocorticoid hormones do
- directs the kidney in controlling NA, K, and H ions
| - controls acid/base balance and ultimately water
349
where are the adrenal glands located
near the cranial (top) end of the kidneys
350
what 2 parts make up the adrenal glands
- medulla
| - cortex
351
medulla produces what
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
352
cortex produces what
Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Sex Hormones
353
the pancreas is a what kind of gland
endocrine and exocrine gland
354
what is the pancreas
Accessory digestive organ
355
how is it an exocrine gland
Produces enzymes that are released in the duodenum
356
how is it an endocrine gland
Produces hormones
357
why is insulin necessary
- the body to uses it as fuel
| - prevents abnormally high blood glucose through absorption into cells
358
what does Glucagon do
increases blood glucose levels by stimulating cells in the liver to convert glucagon to glucose.
359
to hormones the pancreas produces
insulin
| Glucagon
360
gonads are
Sex-cell producing organs
361
males have what kind of sex hormones
testosterone
362
females have what kind of sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone
363
what is Testosterone responsible for
development of male sexual characteristics
364
do females produce testosterone
yes in small amounts
365
6 things Testosterone regulates
- sex drive
- bone mass
- fat distribution
- muscle size and strength
- red blood cell production
366
how is progesterone produced
LH from pituitary gland causes the follicle to rupture and release ovum
367
progesterone does or does not impact behaviour
DOES
368
what does progesterone do
prepares the lower reproductive tract for breeding as well as mammary development
369
what produces the estrogen hormone
the follicles
370
Levels of hormones produced by the ovaries fluctuate in a _______ fashion
Levels of hormones produced by the ovaries fluctuate in a cyclical fashion
