QUIZ 1 (Lectures 1-2) Flashcards
1
Q
bone is the _________ hardest substance in the body
A
second
2
Q
5 bone functions
A
- Support
- Protection
- Leverage
- Storage
- Blood cell formation
3
Q
cancellous bone
A
light and spongy
4
Q
compact bone
A
dense and heavy
5
Q
What does cancellous bone look like
A
Tiny “spicules” of bone that appear randomly arranged
6
Q
where is bone marrow found
A
Spaces between the spicules
7
Q
where is compact bone found
A
Shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones
8
Q
what is the periosteum
A
membrane that covers outer surfaces of bones
9
Q
the periosteum outer layer is composed of ________
A
fibrous tissues
10
Q
what does the inner layer of periosteum contain
A
otesblasts
11
Q
where can you not find periosteum
A
articular surfaces (points of contact)
12
Q
osteoblasts
A
cells that produce bone
13
Q
osteoclasts
A
remodel/remove bone
14
Q
Five bone shapes
A
Long Short Flat Irregular Pneumatic
15
Q
long bone
A
- longer than wide
- femur, humorous
16
Q
short bone
A
- short (block like)
- carpal, tarsal
17
Q
flat bone
A
- flat and thin
- pelvis, ribs, scapula
18
Q
irregular
A
- vertebrae
19
Q
red bone marrow
A
responsible for all blood cell formation (RBC, WBC, plat)
20
Q
red blood cells
A
carry oxygen
21
Q
white blood cells
A
get rid of bacteria, viruses
22
Q
platelets
A
blood clotting
23
Q
yellow bone marrow
A
Contains large quantities of connective tissue, primarily adipose (fat)
24
Q
how many bones in the human
A
206
25
how many bones in the dog
319
26
how many bones in the cat
230
27
what is different about dog bones
- dogs have disconnected shoulder bones with allow them to get a greater range of motion when running
- they also do not have a collarbone for the same reason
28
what is different about cat bones
- between their vertebrae, they have elastic discs, useful for cushioning the jump landings
- extra extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae make them more flexible
29
what is a part of the axial Skelton
```
SKULL
SPINAL COLUMN
RIBS
STERNUM
HYOID BONE
```
30
how many Cervical Vertebrae
7
31
how many Thoracic Vertebrae
13
32
how many Lumbar Vertebrae
7
33
how many Sacral Vertebrae
3
34
how many Coccygeal Vertebrae
dogs: 20-30
cats: 5-23
35
what is the rib rule
The number of thoracic vertebrae an animal has = the number of ribs it has!
36
what makes up the appendicular skeleton
Made of the main appendages of the body
37
name 5 parts of the Appendicular Skeleton
```
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal Bones
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
```
38
synarthroses joints
- fibrous joints
| - immoveable: sutures of the skull bones
39
Amphiarthroses joint
- cartilaginous joints
| - slightly moveable: pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis
40
Diarthroses
- synovial joints
| - moveable: shoulder, hip, stifle, elbow, carpu
41
types of synovial joints
- Hinge joints
- Gliding joints
- Pivot joint
- Ball and socket joint
42
hinge joint ex
elbow
43
gliding joint ex
carpus
44
pivot joint ex
C1 and C2
45
ball and socket joint ex
shoulder
46
adduction
Movement of an extremity toward the median plane
47
abduction
Movement of an extremity away from the median plane
48
internal fixation
- Surgery under anesthesia
| - Pins, screws, plates, wires
49
external
- Usually placed while under anesthesia
| - Casts, splints, slings
50
thomas splint uses
fractures of tib and fib
51
what is Robert jones bandage
- Padded pressure bandage
- Provides immobilization because of compression of the thick cotton secondary layer
- Reduces post-operative swelling
52
healing time for small or young animals
Might take a couple weeks
53
healing time for large or older animals
Might take a couple months or even several months
54
in the case of a fracture what do osteoclasts do
Bone remodeling returns bone to original shape and strength
55
what are healing cells called
osteoblasts
56
what do osteoblasts do in the case of a fracture
- form healing tissue called a callus
| - Callus bridges the fracture gap
57
where is DNA found?
nucleus
58
what is a eukaryote?
an organism made of cells where the genetic material is DNA
59
what is a eukaryocite
- type of cell
| - which build into a eukaryote
60
what is a cell
functional unit of living eukaryotic organisms
61
which is a more simple cell a prokaryote or a eukaryote
prokaryote
62
ex of prokaryote
bacteria
63
what cell does not have a nucleus
red blood cells
64
what is a group of specialized cells called
tissue
65
what are the four types of tissue and what they do
- Nerves – transmit information (sensory and regulatory)
- Muscle – body movement (inside and outside)
- Epithelial – covers body (lines surfaces)
- Connective – connects and provides support
66
what is a group of tissues called
organ
67
what is anything inside of a cell referred to
intracellular
68
what is anything outside of a cell referred to
extracellular
69
what does acidic mean
- a lot of positively charged ions
70
what does basic mean
- a lot of negatively charged ions
71
do animal cells have a cell wall
no
72
what is a group of organs called
system
73
what kind of cells have a wall
plant (makes digestion harder)
74
cell size
10-30 um
75
what is homeostasis
- Maintenance of good health
- optimal condition
- can help your body get back to normal (shivering when your cold)
76
what does homeostasis involve (3)
- regulation of body temperature
- pH
- nutrients
- fluids
- essential gases
- hormones
- enzymes
77
how much water are cells made of
75%
78
another name for plasma membrane
plasmalemma
79
what is the plasma membrane (2)
- is a protective layer
| - flexible elastic barrier
80
what happens if the plasma membrane is damaged
if damaged, results in the disintegration of the cell and the loss of cell contents
81
what does the PM do
controls the movement of atoms and molecules in and out of the cell
82
what are PM's made of
- globular proteins
- phospholipids
- cholesterol
- carbohydrates
83
what cells can pass easily through the membrane
- oxygen
| - CO2
84
what cells have a hard time passing through the membrane
- sugar
| - certain proteins
85
membranes have 2 parts wha are they
inner layer and outer layer separated by fluid
86
what is another name for ion and give 3 examples
electrolyte
- potassium
- calcium
- sodium
87
what do a:
| 1, 7, 14 indicate on a pH scale
1 - acidic
7 - neutral
14 - basic
88
do all molecules cross the membrane easily
no
| - so will require energy to cross
89
what is ATP
what the molecule attaches on to to pass through the cell membrane
90
what is the process in which molecule attaches on to ATP to pass through the cell membrane called
active transport
91
diffusion is what
the process in which molecules move through the extracellular space to the intracellular space to achieve balance
92
endocytosis
when a larger particle is taken into a cell
93
ex of endocytosis
moving from intracellular to extracellular
94
osmosis
the movement of molecules from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane
95
what does diffusion refer to
cells
96
what does osmosis refer to
water ONLY
