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NSC 4354 Integrative Neuroscience > Quiz 2-- Lectures 3, 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 2-- Lectures 3, 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Role of pain

A

functional role for survival– pain stimuli induce escape and withdrawal responses. it can also activate behavior

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2
Q

what is pain?

A

tissue destruction induced by thermal or chemical stimuli or mechanical force

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3
Q

T or F: Pain reception is highly localized

A

False

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4
Q

Relationship between pain and emotion

A

pain involves an emotional component to modify the magnitude of pain perception

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5
Q

who is pain most prevalent for?

A

adults in poverty, less than high school education, and public health insurance

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6
Q

nociception

A

the neural encoding and processing of noxious stimuli

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7
Q

what are noxious stimuli?

A

stimuli that elicit tissue damage and activate nociceptors

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8
Q

nociceptors

A

sensory receptors that detect signals from damage tissue– free nerve endings found in skin, muscles, joints, bone, viscera

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9
Q

how do peripheral nociceptive axons end?

A

free nerve endings

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10
Q

axon types for nociceptors

A

a delta, C– slowerr, C is unmyelinated

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11
Q

A delta fibers

A

respond to intense mechanical and thermal stimuli

type 1 a delta– mechanical, not thermal

type 2– thermal, not mechanical

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12
Q

what do c fibers respond to

A

thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli

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13
Q

true or false: non-pain somatosensory neurons increase in intensity for painful stimuli

A

false

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14
Q

t or f: nociceptive afferents always fire at stimuli

A

false, only when high intensities of stimuli are reached– 43 c is threshold for pain

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15
Q

fast pain

A

a delta fibers– sharp, first pain

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16
Q

slow pain

A

unmyelinated c fibers– give a dull, longer lasting burning pain

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17
Q

type 1 a delta fibers

A

respond to intense mechanical and chemical, have high heat thresholds

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18
Q

type 2 a delta

A

low heat threshold, but high threshold for mechanical stimulation

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19
Q

type c fibers

A

respond equally to all types of nociceptive stimuli

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20
Q

what is the pain and temperature pathway?

A

the anterolateral system

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21
Q

first order neurons in the anterolateral system

A

the dorsal root ganglia and immediately synapse on second order neurons

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22
Q

second order neurons

A

located in rexed’s alminae 1,11, and V of spinal cord– 1 anf 5 go to brainstem and thalamus, 2 has interneurons

C fibers go to 1 ans 2, A delta go to 1 and 5

projections immedately cross midline and give rise to the anterolateral tract and brainstem and thalamus vpl

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23
Q

difference between dorsal column medial lemniscus vs the anterolateral system

A

dorsal crosses near top, anterolateral immediately decussates

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24
Q

anterolateral system 3rd order neurons

A

go to somatosensory cortex

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25
Q

trigeminothalamic tract

A

first order neurons in trigemical ganglia descend to medulla and synapse on spinal trigeminal nugleus, second order decussate and ascent to brainstep and VPM thalamus in trigeminothalamic tract, third order to somatosensory

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26
Q

visceral (internal) pain pathway

A

pain from visceral organs

first order in dorsal root ganglia synapse in dorsal horn or in the intermediate gray region of spinal cord

intermediate second orders ascend through dorsal columns to dorscale column nuclei (gracile nucleus

third orders decussate and ascent to vpl thalamus

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27
Q

midline myelotomy

A

transection of axons in medial dorsal column brings pain relief from visceral cancers in abdominal area

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28
Q

Referred pain

A

visceral pain misperceived as cutaneous pain– angina (poor perfusion of heart muscle perceived as pain in shoulder/chest)

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29
Q

lamina 5

A

receives inputs from nociceptive and non-nociceptive afferents, and multimodal neurons in the area integrate both

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30
Q

threshold for thermal stimulus as pain

A

43 C

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31
Q

TRP channels

A

receptors sensitive to ranges of heat and cold

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32
Q

trpv1

A

sensitivity to heat and caspaicin

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33
Q

capsacin

A
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34
Q

first pain pathway

A

anterolateral–vpl—somatosensory cortex

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35
Q

affective-motivational pathway

A

goes to reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, superior colliculus, hypothalamus, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex and insula, medial thalamic nuclei, parabrachial nucleus

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36
Q

interpretation of pain

A

reality of stimulus and how responsive the subject is– this means pain perception is subject to modulation due to context specificity (soldiers in battle w no pain) or placebo (perceived relief)

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37
Q

stimulation of periaqueductal gray

A

located in midbrain, is an analgesic and stops activity of nociceptive projection neurons in dorsal horn

38
Q

four nuclei that the periaqueductal gray controls

A

parabrachial nucleus, medullary reticular formation, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei (all in brainstem)

39
Q

how is the flow of nociceptive information reduced

A

simultaneous activity in touch fibers

40
Q

what are endogenous opioids

A

peptides binding to same postsynaptic receptors as opium

41
Q

morphine, heroin, opiates like methadone and fentanyl are

A

analgesics

42
Q

endogenous opioid ligands

A

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

43
Q

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

A

released in periaqueductal gray
the source of pain modulating pathways to the dorsal horn in the spinal cord

44
Q

opioid sensitive neurons

A

can be found in dorsal horn

45
Q

where are enkephalins released

A

directly into spinal cord to blunt nociceptor activation

46
Q

phantom limb syndrome

A

following amputation, nearly all patients have an illusion that missing limb is still present– mismatch between cortical and physical input

47
Q

prevalence of phantom pain

A

higher in upper limb than lower limb

48
Q

3 tissue layers of the eye

A
  1. retina– light sensitive receptors, part of cns
  2. uveal layer
  3. sclera
49
Q

parts of uveal layer

A

choroid (capillaries and melanin for light absorption)
ciliary body to adjust lens
iris for pupil regulation
sclera (fibrous tissue with cornea at front

50
Q

aqueous humor

A

nutrients to cornea and lens, replaced 12 times a day

51
Q

glaucoma

A

failure of aqueous humor fluid drainage, eventually reducing blood supply

52
Q

vitreous humor

A

80% volume of eye, maintains shape and has phagocytic cells– floaters are debris too large for consumption

53
Q

cornea and lens do what

A

bend light (refraction) to achieve a focused image on retina

54
Q

accommodation

A

dynamic change in shape of lens– lens is flat to view distant objects and round for near objects

55
Q

zonule fibers

A

hold lens in place and keep lens flat

56
Q

ciliary muscle contraction

A

reduces tension in zonule fibers and allows elasticity of lens to increase curvature

57
Q

cataracts

A

opacities in transparent lens

58
Q

myopia

A

unable to bring distant objects into focus, cornea too curved or eyeball too long

59
Q

hyperopia

A

farsighted– cant focus on near objects, refractory muscles too weak or eye too short so focus behind retina

60
Q

macula lutea and fovea

A

region of highest visual activity: 3 mm in diameter

61
Q

optic disk

A

no photoreceptors in area of retina where blood vessels enter and axons leave, cortical mechanisms fill in missing info

62
Q

macular degeneration

A

progressive loss of vision in center of visual field because of damage to retina– peripherral vision remains, difficult to read or recognize faces

63
Q

dry form

A

debris between retina and choroid and thinning of macula- gradual disappearance of retinal pigment epithelium and loss of photoreceptors

64
Q

wet form macular

A

more serious, blood vessel growth leaks fluid and blood and can damage retina – laser coagulation

65
Q

five classes of neuron in eye

A

photoreceptors, bipolar, ganglion, horizontal, amacrine

66
Q

3 neuron chain in eye

A

photoreceptor– biporal– ganglion (ganglion axons form optic nerve, horizontal and amacrine cells help with lateral interactions between bipolar and amacrine cells

67
Q

rods and cones distinguished by

A

shape, sensitivity to light, photopigment, distribution across the retina, pattern of connection

68
Q

retinal pigment epithelium

A

the reason retina is inverted

69
Q

lifespan of photoreceptor disks

A

12 days, disks then pinch off

70
Q

t or f: receptor potentials are all or nothing

A

false– graded

71
Q

when does light receptor become depolarized

A

in dark (40 mV)– light hyperpolarizes them

72
Q

receptor in the dark

A

outer segment– higher cgmp, which binds to na channels and allowing sodium and cations like ca to enter– this inward current causes a dark current

in the inner segment, outward current is mediated by potassium selective channels

73
Q

light does what

A

reduces cgmp, so channels close, meaning hyperpolarization (outward low of K+) dominates

74
Q

rods

A

sensitive to light but low resolution

74
Q

cones

A

insensitive to light but high spatial resolution– help with color

74
Q

do rods or cones adapt more efficiently

A

cones adapt more quickly– connected 1-1 to bipolar cells but rods saturate quickly - 15-30 rods per bipolar cell

75
Q

cones frequency

A

highest in center– area of most acuity, fewer elsewhere

76
Q

rods frequency

A

no rods in fovea but found high ddensity everywhere else

77
Q

human cones

A

L (red peak), M (green peak), S (short peak)

78
Q

protanopia

A

loss of red wavelength

79
Q

deuteranopia

A

loss of medium wavelength

80
Q

tritanopia

A

blue colorblinees

81
Q

on center ganglion cells

A

increase when luminance increases in center

82
Q

off center ganglion

A

increase when luminance decreases in center

83
Q

on center bipoloar vs off center bipolar

A

on center– light increase
off center– light decrease

84
Q

on center bipolar cells have what receptors

A

mGluR6 receptors that close Na channels, leading to hyperpolarization in response to glutamate release from dark photoreceptors

85
Q

off center bipolar

A

ionotropic AMPA and kainate receptors that depolarize bipolar cell w/glutamate release

86
Q

move spot of light across on center receptive field

A

response decreases w/distance from center

if in surround inhibition occurs

out of field= resting potential

opposite for off center

87
Q

horizontal cells

A

generate surround antagonism because they are depolorized by glutamate from photoreceptors and release gaba to hyperpolarize photoreceptors

88
Q

other species have

A

better lenses, msucle control, nictitating membranes (3rd eyelid), photodetectors, blood vessels, neurons, acons, two fovea, better acuity

89
Q
A

NSC 4354 Integrative Neuroscience (5 decks)

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