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NSC 4354 Integrative Neuroscience > Quiz 2-- Lectures 3, 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 2-- Lectures 3, 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Role of pain

A

functional role for survival– pain stimuli induce escape and withdrawal responses. it can also activate behavior

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2
Q

what is pain?

A

tissue destruction induced by thermal or chemical stimuli or mechanical force

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3
Q

T or F: Pain reception is highly localized

A

False

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4
Q

Relationship between pain and emotion

A

pain involves an emotional component to modify the magnitude of pain perception

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5
Q

who is pain most prevalent for?

A

adults in poverty, less than high school education, and public health insurance

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6
Q

nociception

A

the neural encoding and processing of noxious stimuli

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7
Q

what are noxious stimuli?

A

stimuli that elicit tissue damage and activate nociceptors

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8
Q

nociceptors

A

sensory receptors that detect signals from damage tissue– free nerve endings found in skin, muscles, joints, bone, viscera

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9
Q

how do peripheral nociceptive axons end?

A

free nerve endings

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10
Q

axon types for nociceptors

A

a delta, C– slowerr, C is unmyelinated

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11
Q

A delta fibers

A

respond to intense mechanical and thermal stimuli

type 1 a delta– mechanical, not thermal

type 2– thermal, not mechanical

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12
Q

what do c fibers respond to

A

thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli

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13
Q

true or false: non-pain somatosensory neurons increase in intensity for painful stimuli

A

false

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14
Q

t or f: nociceptive afferents always fire at stimuli

A

false, only when high intensities of stimuli are reached– 43 c is threshold for pain

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15
Q

fast pain

A

a delta fibers– sharp, first pain

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16
Q

slow pain

A

unmyelinated c fibers– give a dull, longer lasting burning pain

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17
Q

type 1 a delta fibers

A

respond to intense mechanical and chemical, have high heat thresholds

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18
Q

type 2 a delta

A

low heat threshold, but high threshold for mechanical stimulation

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19
Q

type c fibers

A

respond equally to all types of nociceptive stimuli

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20
Q

what is the pain and temperature pathway?

A

the anterolateral system

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21
Q

first order neurons in the anterolateral system

A

the dorsal root ganglia and immediately synapse on second order neurons

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22
Q

second order neurons

A

located in rexed’s alminae 1,11, and V of spinal cord– 1 anf 5 go to brainstem and thalamus, 2 has interneurons

C fibers go to 1 ans 2, A delta go to 1 and 5

projections immedately cross midline and give rise to the anterolateral tract and brainstem and thalamus vpl

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23
Q

difference between dorsal column medial lemniscus vs the anterolateral system

A

dorsal crosses near top, anterolateral immediately decussates

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24
Q

anterolateral system 3rd order neurons

A

go to somatosensory cortex

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25
trigeminothalamic tract
first order neurons in trigemical ganglia descend to medulla and synapse on spinal trigeminal nugleus, second order decussate and ascent to brainstep and VPM thalamus in trigeminothalamic tract, third order to somatosensory
26
visceral (internal) pain pathway
pain from visceral organs first order in dorsal root ganglia synapse in dorsal horn or in the intermediate gray region of spinal cord intermediate second orders ascend through dorsal columns to dorscale column nuclei (gracile nucleus third orders decussate and ascent to vpl thalamus
27
midline myelotomy
transection of axons in medial dorsal column brings pain relief from visceral cancers in abdominal area
28
Referred pain
visceral pain misperceived as cutaneous pain-- angina (poor perfusion of heart muscle perceived as pain in shoulder/chest)
29
lamina 5
receives inputs from nociceptive and non-nociceptive afferents, and multimodal neurons in the area integrate both
30
threshold for thermal stimulus as pain
43 C
31
TRP channels
receptors sensitive to ranges of heat and cold
32
trpv1
sensitivity to heat and caspaicin
33
capsacin
34
first pain pathway
anterolateral--vpl---somatosensory cortex
35
affective-motivational pathway
goes to reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, superior colliculus, hypothalamus, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex and insula, medial thalamic nuclei, parabrachial nucleus
36
interpretation of pain
reality of stimulus and how responsive the subject is-- this means pain perception is subject to modulation due to context specificity (soldiers in battle w no pain) or placebo (perceived relief)
37
stimulation of periaqueductal gray
located in midbrain, is an analgesic and stops activity of nociceptive projection neurons in dorsal horn
38
four nuclei that the periaqueductal gray controls
parabrachial nucleus, medullary reticular formation, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei (all in brainstem)
39
how is the flow of nociceptive information reduced
simultaneous activity in touch fibers
40
what are endogenous opioids
peptides binding to same postsynaptic receptors as opium
41
morphine, heroin, opiates like methadone and fentanyl are
analgesics
42
endogenous opioid ligands
endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins
43
endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins
released in periaqueductal gray the source of pain modulating pathways to the dorsal horn in the spinal cord
44
opioid sensitive neurons
can be found in dorsal horn
45
where are enkephalins released
directly into spinal cord to blunt nociceptor activation
46
phantom limb syndrome
following amputation, nearly all patients have an illusion that missing limb is still present-- mismatch between cortical and physical input
47
prevalence of phantom pain
higher in upper limb than lower limb
48
3 tissue layers of the eye
1. retina-- light sensitive receptors, part of cns 2. uveal layer 3. sclera
49
parts of uveal layer
choroid (capillaries and melanin for light absorption) ciliary body to adjust lens iris for pupil regulation sclera (fibrous tissue with cornea at front
50
aqueous humor
nutrients to cornea and lens, replaced 12 times a day
51
glaucoma
failure of aqueous humor fluid drainage, eventually reducing blood supply
52
vitreous humor
80% volume of eye, maintains shape and has phagocytic cells-- floaters are debris too large for consumption
53
cornea and lens do what
bend light (refraction) to achieve a focused image on retina
54
accommodation
dynamic change in shape of lens-- lens is flat to view distant objects and round for near objects
55
zonule fibers
hold lens in place and keep lens flat
56
ciliary muscle contraction
reduces tension in zonule fibers and allows elasticity of lens to increase curvature
57
cataracts
opacities in transparent lens
58
myopia
unable to bring distant objects into focus, cornea too curved or eyeball too long
59
hyperopia
farsighted-- cant focus on near objects, refractory muscles too weak or eye too short so focus behind retina
60
macula lutea and fovea
region of highest visual activity: 3 mm in diameter
61
optic disk
no photoreceptors in area of retina where blood vessels enter and axons leave, cortical mechanisms fill in missing info
62
macular degeneration
progressive loss of vision in center of visual field because of damage to retina-- peripherral vision remains, difficult to read or recognize faces
63
dry form
debris between retina and choroid and thinning of macula- gradual disappearance of retinal pigment epithelium and loss of photoreceptors
64
wet form macular
more serious, blood vessel growth leaks fluid and blood and can damage retina -- laser coagulation
65
five classes of neuron in eye
photoreceptors, bipolar, ganglion, horizontal, amacrine
66
3 neuron chain in eye
photoreceptor-- biporal-- ganglion (ganglion axons form optic nerve, horizontal and amacrine cells help with lateral interactions between bipolar and amacrine cells
67
rods and cones distinguished by
shape, sensitivity to light, photopigment, distribution across the retina, pattern of connection
68
retinal pigment epithelium
the reason retina is inverted
69
lifespan of photoreceptor disks
12 days, disks then pinch off
70
t or f: receptor potentials are all or nothing
false-- graded
71
when does light receptor become depolarized
in dark (40 mV)-- light hyperpolarizes them
72
receptor in the dark
outer segment-- higher cgmp, which binds to na channels and allowing sodium and cations like ca to enter-- this inward current causes a dark current in the inner segment, outward current is mediated by potassium selective channels
73
light does what
reduces cgmp, so channels close, meaning hyperpolarization (outward low of K+) dominates
74
rods
sensitive to light but low resolution
74
cones
insensitive to light but high spatial resolution-- help with color
74
do rods or cones adapt more efficiently
cones adapt more quickly-- connected 1-1 to bipolar cells but rods saturate quickly - 15-30 rods per bipolar cell
75
cones frequency
highest in center-- area of most acuity, fewer elsewhere
76
rods frequency
no rods in fovea but found high ddensity everywhere else
77
human cones
L (red peak), M (green peak), S (short peak)
78
protanopia
loss of red wavelength
79
deuteranopia
loss of medium wavelength
80
tritanopia
blue colorblinees
81
on center ganglion cells
increase when luminance increases in center
82
off center ganglion
increase when luminance decreases in center
83
on center bipoloar vs off center bipolar
on center-- light increase off center-- light decrease
84
on center bipolar cells have what receptors
mGluR6 receptors that close Na channels, leading to hyperpolarization in response to glutamate release from dark photoreceptors
85
off center bipolar
ionotropic AMPA and kainate receptors that depolarize bipolar cell w/glutamate release
86
move spot of light across on center receptive field
response decreases w/distance from center if in surround inhibition occurs out of field= resting potential opposite for off center
87
horizontal cells
generate surround antagonism because they are depolorized by glutamate from photoreceptors and release gaba to hyperpolarize photoreceptors
88
other species have
better lenses, msucle control, nictitating membranes (3rd eyelid), photodetectors, blood vessels, neurons, acons, two fovea, better acuity
89

NSC 4354 Integrative Neuroscience (5 decks)

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