Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NSC 4354 Integrative Neuroscience > Quiz 1- Lectures 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 1- Lectures 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Somatosensory afferents carry infro from _______ to _________ via the _________________

A

skin surface, central circuits, dorsal root ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the pathway from sensation to the cortex

A

skin, afferent neuron, dorsal root ganglia/trigeminal ganglia, brainstem, thalamus, cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Touch in the center of the receptive field _____ firing

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Actions requiring lots of cortical circuitry

A

facial expression, speaking, and hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Can cortical circuits rearrange?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

On-center ganglion cells

A

increase firing (more APs) when luminance increases in receptive field center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Off-center ganglion cells

A

increase firing when luminance decreases in center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

signal flow in eye

A

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells (crossover in chiasm), LGN, V1 cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do LGN neurons work?

A

They have center-surround receptive fields that respond selectively for changes in luminance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cells in primary visual cortex

A

respond to ‘bars’ or edges, and neurons fire most when bar is in a certain orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Auditory pathway

A

Cochlea, spiral ganglion, cochlear nucleus, superior olive, inferior colliculus, thalamus, auditory cortex 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordination of ongoing movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

basal ganglia

A

initiation of intended movement and suppression of unwanted movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

motor cortex

A

planning, initiating, directing voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

brainstem centers

A

rhythmic, stereotyped movements and postural control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ICM

A

intracortical microstimulation– small current initiates excitation of several muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T or F: motor map is more precise than the somatotopic map

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

motor map location

A

precentral gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

somatotopic map location

A

postcentral gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stimulation of arm regions in primary motor cortex

A

movements of arm towards central space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

stimulation of lateral motor areas

A

lead to hand to mouth movements and mouth opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

stimulation of medial areas

A

climbing or leaping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

anterior sites in premotor cortex

A

defensive and reaching motions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

visual cortical neurons are divided into how many groups and based on what?

A

7; based on how much they respond to either the contralateral or ipsilateral eye

BUT if one eye is sewn shut few cortical cells could be driven and retinal and LGN cells were normal; the eye DISCONNECTS from the visual cortex– this is permanent amblyopia or cortical blindness (no effect if done in adults)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Patient S.M– calcification and atrophy of anterior-medial temporal lopes and amygdala

A

cannot recognize fear and no self reports of fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

somatosensory system

A

cutaneous mechanoreceptors– fine touch, vibration, pressure
specialized receptors with muscles, tendons, joints for proprioception
free nerve endings– pain, temp, coarse touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

somatosensation includes

A

touch, pressure, vibration, limb position, heat, cold, itching, pain (circuits for each modality)– transduced from skin to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dermatome

A

territory innervated by each spinal nerve– defined in shingles because shingles associated with dorsal root ganglia – some overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

1a, 1b, II afferents

A

large and fast, supply receptors to muscles for proprioception

largest in diameter and most myelinated, found in muscle spindle

29
Q

ab afferents

A

merkel, meissner, pacinian, ruffini cells– detection of touch
slightly smaller than 1a,1b,2 but second largest in diameter and conduction velocity/myelination

30
Q

a-delta and c

A

smallest, slowest, pain, temp, itch
c are UNMYELINATED and the smallest

31
Q

does area of skin surface change rate of action potential?

A

yes, nearer to receptive field’s center causes more neural activity

32
Q

what body parts have the lowest two point discrimination threshold

A

(smaller receptive field, more sensitive)– hands including palm and fingers, face

33
Q

slowly adapting afferents

A

sustained discharge, provide info about size and shape of stimulus

34
Q

rapidly adapting afferents

A

fire rapidly at stimulation and then fall silent; best for changes

35
Q

layers of skin from top to bottom

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

36
Q

order of receptors in skin from top to bottom

A

nerve endings (pain), meissners corpuscle (motion detection and grip), merkel cell neurite complex (shape/texture), ruffini corpuscle (force, shape, internal motion), pacinian corpuscle (vibration)

37
Q

merkel cells

A

found in epidermal sweat ridges, form and texture, responds to edges, points, corners, curvature, smallest receptive field, slow adapting, 25% of mechanoreceptors in the hand

38
Q

meissner corpuscle

A

close to skin surface, near dermal papillae– help with motion detection and grip, responds to skin potion, rapid adaptation, small receptor field, 40%

39
Q

small and large receptor fields (somatosensory)

A

small– merkel, meissner
large- pacinian, ruffini

40
Q

fast and slow adaptation (somatosensory)

A

slow– merkel, ruffini
fast– meissner, pacinian

41
Q

pacinian

A

dermis and deeper tissues, perception of distant events through vibrations, tool use, receptive field is entire finger or hand and it has rapid adaptatio, 10-15% of receptors

42
Q

ruffini

A

least understood, dermis, responds to tangential force, hand shape, motion direction, responds to skin stretch,

43
Q

responses when reading braille, most to least specific

A

merkel, meissner, ruffini, pacinian

44
Q

proprioceptors

A

info about position of limbs and body parts

45
Q

proprioceptive receptors

A

muscle spinfles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors

46
Q

muscle spindles

A

signal changes in muscle length; afferents coil around intrafusal muscle fibers
Primary endingd (1a afferents): largest myelinated sensory axons have rapidly adapting responses to changes in muscle length, they transmit info about limb dynamics, velocity and direction of movement
secondary (group 2): sustained responses to constant muscle lengths, static limb position

47
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

signal changes in muscle tension;
these 1b afferents are distributed among the collagen fibers forming the tendons

48
Q

joint receptors

A

relay finger position for range of motion protection; around and in joints

49
Q

tactile from body pathway

A

dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway

50
Q

tactile from face

A

trigeminothalamic pathway

51
Q

proprioception pathway

A

spinocerebellar tract

52
Q

Dorsal colunm medial lemniscal pathway first order neurons

A

info ascends in columns ipsilaterally in spinal cord to medulla- medial-lateral bundles

fasiculus gracilis to gracile mucleus (the fracile tract is lower limbs, more medial)
fasciculus cuneatus to cuneate nucleus: upper limbs, trunk, neck– more lateral

53
Q

Dorsal colunm medial lemniscal pathway 2nd order

A

internal arcuate fibers are the axons of second order neurons– they cross over the midline and form one neuron– the medial lemniscus
second order neurons synapse with the incoming first order neurons
they synapse at the ventral posterior lateral nucleus vpl of the thalamus

54
Q

Dorsal colunm medial lemniscal pathway third order neurons

A

ventral posterior lateral neurons send axons to synapse in s1 and s2 somatosensory cortex

55
Q

Tactile from face first order

A

cell bodies in trigeminal ganglia, enter brainstem at pons to synapse on the trigeminal brainstem complex with different nuclei processing different stimuli submodalities (principal and spinal nuceli)

56
Q

Tactile from face second order

A

cross over and ascend as the trigeminal lemniscus (tri because divisions are opthalmic, maxilliary, mandibular), synapse at ventral posterior medial nucleius of thalamus

57
Q

Tactile from face 3 order

A

vpm send axons to synapse in somatosensory cortex s1

58
Q

proprioception first order

A

travel with axons in dorsal column
bifurcate into ascending and descending branches (dorsal and ventral horns); lower limbs innervate clarkes nucleus in medial dorsal horn

59
Q

second order proprioception

A

travel to medulla and into ipsilateral cerebellum via dorsal spinocerebellar tract, synapse in proprioceptive neurons of dorsal column nuclei

60
Q

third order proprioceptive

A

decussate and travel in medial lemniscus to vpl

61
Q

ventral posterior lateral nucleus vs ventral posterior medial nucleus

A

both in thalamus, but vpl is body and vpm is face

62
Q

somatotopic maps- foot, leg, trunk, etc are in a _____ arrangement

A

medial to lateral

63
Q

somatosensory cortex 1 areas from left to right

A

3a,3b,1,2

64
Q

3b and 1 in s1

A

cutaneous stimuli

65
Q

3a

A

proprioceptors

66
Q

2

A

tactile and proprioception

67
Q

where does info from s1 go?

A

all go to secondary somatosensory cortex, then amygdala and hippocampus for tactile learning and memory

3a (propioeptors) and b(curaneous) also goes to areas 1 and 2

2 goes to parietal areas 5 and 7 which goes to motor and premotor cortical areas and helps with integration of sensory and motor info

68
Q

can cortical circuits reorganize?

A

yes- after lesion of digit 3 on cortex, cortical region is unresponsive but after few weeks responds to stimulation of neighboring areas- so region 3 disappears and regions 2 and 4 grow in the cortex

similarly, after stimulating certain cortical areas, they grow in the cortex

69
Q
A

NSC 4354 Integrative Neuroscience (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions