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NSC 4354 Integrative Neuroscience > Quiz 4- Vestibular and Chemical > Flashcards

Quiz 4- Vestibular and Chemical Flashcards

1
Q

What does the vestibular system do

A

Processes info underlying responses to and perceptions to motion, position, orientation to stabilize and help with movement and postural reflexes

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2
Q

3 axes of angular acceleration

A

3 semicircular canals detect rotational motion around the axes
Yaw: z-axis
roll: x-axis
pitch: y-axis

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3
Q

why is vestibular system important

A

many people have dizziness/imbalance issues

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4
Q

Labyrinth

A

works similar to cochlea, is continuous with it – converts physical motion from linear and rotational acceleration into neural impulses
2 otolith organs, 3 semicircular canals, vestibular hair cells

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5
Q

utricle and saccule

A

linear acceleration of head and head position relative to gravitational axis

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6
Q

semicircular canals

A

respond to head rotation

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7
Q

vestibular hair cells

A

utricle, saccule, 3 ampullae

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8
Q

vestibular hair cells

A

work like auditory hair cells, since some channels are open some nerve fibers have spontaneous activity

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9
Q

striola

A

divide hair cell into two populations

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10
Q

movement towards kinocilum

A

leads to K influx and depolarization

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11
Q

movement away from kinocilium

A

less k, hyperpolarization and less ca2+

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12
Q

otolithic membrane, gelatinous layer

A

contain small crystals otoconia that deflect hair bundles during tilting

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13
Q

utricle

A

horizontal movements

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14
Q

saccule

A

vertical movements

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15
Q

distribution of hair cells and orientation of stereocilia in utricle and saccule is

A

continuous to encode all possible directions

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16
Q

hair bundle movement occurs

A

tonically in response to head tilting, transiently in response to acceleration

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17
Q

semicircular canals

A

encode head rotations– hulbous expansion at each canal is the ampulla with the sensory epithelium

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18
Q

crista

A

contains hair cells

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19
Q

hair cells extend out of the crista into

A

the cupula

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20
Q

do hair cells/cupula have orientation

A

yes, opposite on each side of head

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21
Q

what happens when head rotates

A

fluid in canal distorts the cupula, turning it away from direction of head movement, causing displacement of hair bundles in crista

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22
Q

how are the semicircular canals on both sides of the head organized

A

each canal works with its partner on the other side that has hair cells oppositely aligned so that tilting head to one side depolarizes direction you turn head in and hyperpolarizes other

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23
Q

pairs of semicircular canals

A

two horizontal canals
left anterior and right posterior
right anterior and left posterior
this arrangement provides info about rotation of head in any direction

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24
Q

semicircular canals encode

A

head rotation

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25
Q

vestibular fibers exhibit

A

high level of spontaneous activity

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26
Q

how do vestibular fibers transmit info

A

increasing or decreasing fire rate

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27
Q

what happens to firing rate in semicircular canals with acceleration, deceleration, constant velocity?

A

acceleration: max firing rate, cupula deflected
Deceleration: minimum firing rate (cupula deflected in opposite direction)
constant velocity: firing rate returns to baseline

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28
Q

central vestibular processing is inherently

A

multisensory

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29
Q

many neurons in vestibular nuclei

A

act as premotor neurons and give rise to ascending projections

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30
Q

central projections from vestibular nuclei are involved in

A

maintaining equilibrium and gaze during movement

maintaining posture

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31
Q

vestibulo ocular reflex

A

eye movements that counter head movements and maintain gaze

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32
Q

pathway of vestibulo ocular reflex

A

vestibular branch of CN - cell bodies reside in scarpas ganglion, with distal processes innervating semicircular canals and otolith organs and central processes projecting to ipsilateral medial vestibular nuclei

the medial vestibular nucleus goes to the contralateral abducens nucleus and causes the lateral rectus of right eye to contracct; it also crosses midline, ascends the medual longitudinal fasciculus to the original side oculomotor nucleus, causing the medial rectus of left eye to contract

in the same pathway, medial vestibular nucleus goes to the ipsilateral abducens nucleus with inhibitory neurons, causing lateral rectus of left eye to relax and ascending midline/crossing mlf to right oculomotor nucleus, causing medial rectus of right eye to relax

turning head left– right eye movement

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33
Q

pathways for stabilizing gazse, head and posture

A

descending projections thru vestibular nuclei for vestibulospinal reflex, vestibulocervical reflex to maintain body and head

lateral vestibulospinal to lateral vestibular nucleus and cerebellum

medial vestibulospinal tract to medial vestibular nucleus to cerebellum

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34
Q

patients with lesions to descending projections through vestibular nuclei

A

problems with balance and gait, more pronounced in low light or uneven surface, integration of

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35
Q

superior and lateral vestibular nuclei project to

A

the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

and to the vestibular cortical system which is a distributed set of cortical areas in the parietal and posterior insular regions – multisensory neurons responding to multiple stimuli

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36
Q

PIVC

A

perception of body orientation and sense of self-motion

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37
Q

olfaction

A

detection of airborne chemical stimuli called odorants

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38
Q

purpose of olfaction

A

guides search for food or mates, avoid predators, reproductive/endocrine functions, mother-child interactions, warns about danger

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39
Q

oldest/most primitive sense

A

olfactory

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40
Q

odorants interact with

A

olfactory receptor neurons in olfactory epithelium– axons go through cribiform plate directly to neurons in olfactory bulb

41
Q

cribiform plate

A

thin perforated region of skull separating olfactory epithelium from brain

42
Q

bulb sends projections to

A

pyriform cortex and other forebrain structures via the olfactory tract

43
Q

why is the olfactory system unique?

A

does not include a thalamic relay from primary receptors to cortical region

44
Q

pyriform cortex has

A

3 layered archicortex dedicated to olfaction

45
Q

does the olfactory system ever touch the thalamus

A

yes but not immediately

46
Q

pathway of olfactory info

A
  1. olfactory receptors
  2. olfactory bulb
  3. pyriform cortex (goes to orbitofrontal cortex), olfactory tubercule, amygdala, entorhinal cortex (goes to hippocampal formation)
  4. all go to hypothalamus, thalamus, orbitofrontal cortex
    - orbitofrontal cortex and thalamus interact
47
Q

least acute sense in humans

A

olfaction

48
Q

how do animals express stronger olfaction

A

more olfactory receptor neurons, expanded olfactory epithelium, larger portion of forebrain for olfaction

49
Q

sniffing increases as

A

scent tracking is learned

50
Q

can humans sniff out a scent trail

A

yes

51
Q

with training how does olfaction change

A

speed increases, deviation from track decreases

52
Q

anosmia

A

inability to detect odors due to genetics, toxins, illness, injuries, aging (normal), alzheimers/parlinsons

53
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

where olfactory information begins, lines about half of nasal cavity

54
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

lines remaining surface of nasal cavity, maintaining appropriate temp and moisture and providing an immune barrier

55
Q

mucus layer

A

secreted by bowman’s glands – contains enzymes and antibodies to prevent passing infection to brain
controls ionic environment for olfactory cilia, thicker means less acuity

56
Q

olfactory receptor neurons

A

bipolar, unmyelinated, has apical surface with knob extending olfactory cilia into mucus layer

57
Q

olfactory cilia

A

primary site of odorant transduction

58
Q

basal cells

A

stem cells of adult olfactory epithelium

59
Q

sustenacular cells

A

detoxify dangerous chemicals

60
Q

olfactory receptor neurons are

A

continuously regenerated and protected by mucus due to higher exposure (basal cells have stem cells regenerating neurons thru life)

61
Q

odor transduction begins with

A

odorant binding to receptor proteins on olfactory cilia- must be presented to cilia and not cell body

62
Q

odorant receptors are

A

metabotropic (G protein coupled)

63
Q

process of odorant binding

A

g alpha subunit dissociates with odorant binding, activating adenyl cyclase which increases cAMP which opens Na and Ca channels, leading to depolarization, amplified by Ca activated Cl outward current

this depolarization goes to the ORN and to olfactory bulb

64
Q

do olfactory receptors have specificity

A

yes but are also broadly tuned

65
Q

olfactory receptor axons

A

form a large bundle that make up the olfactory nerve, which projects ipsilaterally to the olfactory bulb

66
Q

glomeruli in olfactory bulb

A

synaptic target of primary olfactory axons where ORN axons contact apical dendrites of mitral cells

also 50 tufted cells and periglomerular cells for each glomerulus

67
Q

mitral cells

A

glutamatergic, principal projection neurons of olfactory bulb

68
Q

why do glomeruli receive many inputs but few mitral cells

A

increases mitral cell sensitivity and evens out background noise

69
Q

granule cells

A

synapse on basal dendrites of mitral cells- inhibitory circuits, plasticity

70
Q

layers of olfactory bulb

A

glomerular layer– dendritic tufts of mitral cells, orn axon terminals, periglomerular cells in margins

external plexiform layer– lateral mitral dendrites, cell bodies and lateral dendrites of tufted cells, dendrites of granule cells synapsing with other elements

mitral cell layer (cell bodies of mitral cells)

internal plexiform layer with mitral cell axons

granule cell layer with granule cell bodies

71
Q

glomeruli in olfactory bulb

A

respond selectively to distinct odorants

72
Q

increased odorant concentration

A

more glomeruli activity

73
Q

olfactory system employs

A

coding mechanism to look at dominant chemicals and represent these chemicals over subset of glomeruli

74
Q

projection from mitral cells form

A

mostly ipsilateral olfactory tract

75
Q

main target of olfactory tract

A

pyriform cortex– neurons have broad responses and integrate different odors

76
Q

pyriform cortex projects to

A

orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala

77
Q

t or f: pyriform cortical neurons respond to one stimuli

A

no- multiple odors cause a reaction

78
Q

segregation of info in olfactory

A

seen in bulb, not in cortex, maybe in amygdala

79
Q

vomeronasal system

A

carnivored and rodents, organ has receptors and separate region of olfactory bulb called accessory olfactory bulb that detects odors from predators, prey, mates

80
Q

projections from accessory olfactory bulb

A

distinct from remainder of olfactory, mainly in hypothalamus/amygdala, mainly encode and process info about odorants for feeding, reproduction

81
Q

pheromones vs kairomones

A

kairomones from other animals

82
Q

taste cells transduce

A

identity, concentration, quality

83
Q

pathways working together for taste

A

olfaction, taste, trigeminal receptors

84
Q

taste buds in

A

tongue, pallate, epiglottis, esophagus

85
Q

axons for taste

A

cranial nerves 7, 9, 10, project to nucleus of solitary tract (gustatory) and then to thalamus (VPM) and then to insula and orbitofrontal cortex

86
Q

chemical constituents of food

A

interact with receptors

87
Q

taste buds sit in

A

trenches around 3 types of papilla– circumvallate (cranial nerve 9), foliate, and fungigorm papillae (7)

88
Q

taste cells

A

clustered in taste buds, clustered around a taste pore

89
Q

taste cells regenerated

A

every 2 weeks

90
Q

gustatory afferents

A

go to cns

91
Q

5 categories of tastants

A

sour, bitter, salty, sweet/umami (maintained in insular cortex)

92
Q

taste transduction

A

begind in apical domain of taste cell, graded receptor potentials cause electrical signals at base

93
Q

microvilli of apical taste cells contain

A

taste receptor proteins and related signalling molecules

94
Q

receptors on taste cells

A

VG ion channels, second messengers– activation releases intracellular calcium

95
Q

neurotransmitters released by taste cells

A

serotonin, atp, gaba

96
Q

salty and sour

A

Na+ and H+ sensitive trp channel (ion channels)

97
Q

sweet and savory

A

gpcr signals plc IP3 to open trp channels to let calcium in

98
Q

bitter receptors

A

gpcr with gustducin, alpha binding to plc Ip3, ca2+ channel open

99
Q
A

NSC 4354 Integrative Neuroscience (5 decks)

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