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CCSB > Quiz 2 - Surface Anatomy Spine and Limbs > Flashcards

Quiz 2 - Surface Anatomy Spine and Limbs Flashcards

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1
Q

what can be palpated in the clavicle

A

the subcutaneous border of the clavicle

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2
Q

what nerves can be rolled against the bone in the clavicle

A

the supraclavicular nerves

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3
Q

the triangular bones of the shoulder

A

the glenoid fossa, acromion process and the coracoid process

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4
Q

3 functions of the clavicle

A
  1. transmits forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton
  2. acts as a strut holding the arm free from the trunk (to hang supported primarily by trapezius)
  3. to provide attachment for muscles
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5
Q

three bony landmarks at the elbow

A

the olecranon process, the medial epicondyles and the lateral epicondyle

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6
Q

what fracture allows the bony landmarks at the elbow remain in triangular shape

A

the supracondyle fracture - because it lies above these points

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7
Q

what happens when an elbow becomes dislocated

A

the olecranon comes more or less in line with the epicondyles

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8
Q

what can you palpate at the palm of the hand and where

A

you can palpate the pisiform at the base of the hypothenar eminence

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9
Q

how can you feel the hook of the hamate

A

by deep palpation just distal to the pisiform

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10
Q

how can you feel the scaphoid (base of what)

A

it is felt at the base of the thenar eminence

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11
Q

where else is the scaphoid

A

in the anatomical snuff-box

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12
Q

what happens if the scaphoid bone is fractured

A

there is characteristic tenderness

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13
Q

what part of the scapula can be both seen and felt?

A

the medial border

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14
Q

how is abduction of the arm accomplished

A

abduction at the shoulder joint and depression at the sternoclavicular joint and rotation of the scapula

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15
Q

what parts of arm abduction are readily confirmed on self-palpation

A

depression of the sternoclavicular joint and rotation of the scapula

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16
Q

when the shoulder is abducted where can you feel the head of the humerus

A

in the axilla

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17
Q

when can the head of the radius be felt

A

during pronation and supination

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18
Q

what is the ulna crossed by

A

nothing!! which means it can be exposed surgically from end to end without danger

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19
Q

what can be felt at the wrist

A

styloid processes of the radius and ulna can be felt

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20
Q

what is palpable on the radius

A

the dorsal tubercle of Lister is palpable on the posterior aspect of the distal end of the radius

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21
Q

in a thin subject, what can be seen as buldges when the wrist is extended

A

the pisiform and tubercle of the scaphoid

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22
Q

where is the pronator teres inserted

A

midway along the radial shaft

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23
Q

what happens if the radius is fractured proximal to the pronator teres and how do you fix it

A

the proximal fragment is supinated by the action of the biceps and the distal fragment is pronated by the pronator teres. it must be splinted with the forearm supinated so that the distal fragment is aligned with the supinated proximal end

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24
Q

what happens is the fracture is distal to the midshaft

A

the actions of biceps and the pronator muscles more or less balance and the fracture is therefore immobilized with the forearm in neutral position

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25
what does a force of a fall on the hand produce in children
may cause a posterior displacement of the distal radial epiphysis
26
what does a force of a fall on the hand produce in a young adult
the shafts of the radius and ulna may fracture, or the scaphoid may fracture
27
what does a force of a fall on the hand produce in the elderly
a Colles' fracture. the radius fractures about 1 in (2.5cm) proximal to the wrist joint. the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly and usually becomes impacted. the shortening which results brings the styloid processes of the radius and ulna more or less in line with eachother
28
where is subcutaneous bursa located and what happens when exposed to repeated traume
the subcutaneous bursa is over the olecranon and becomes inflamed when exposed to repeated trauma
29
who often has olecranon bursitis and what is it called
students and cole miners therefor they call it students elbow or miners elbow
30
what is a perilunate dislocation of the carpus
a fall on the hand may dislocate the rest of the carpal arch backwards from the lunate which is wide-based anteriorly
31
what is dislocation of the lunate
when the dislocated carpus reduces spontaneously. pushes the lunate forward and tilts it over so that its distal articular surface faces forward
32
how does blood supply of the scaphoid work in 1/3 of the cases
they enter distally along its waist so that if the fracture is proximal, the blood supply to this small proximal fragment may be completely cut off with resultant aseptic necrosis of this portion of bone
33
what happens in carpal tunnel syndrome
the flexor retinaculum forms the roof of a tunnel the floor and walls which are made up of the concavity of the carpus. in this tunnel are the long flexor tendons of the fingers and thumb together with the median nerve. any lesion here may cause compression of the median nerve resulting in paraesthesiae. usually results in no sensory impairment to the palm
34
what is paraesthesiae?
numbness and motor weakness
35
how are carpal tunnel syndromes relieved
by dividing the retinaculum longitudinally
36
what is the name of the tendons of the short muscles of the shoulder
rotator cuff
37
muscles of the rotator cuff
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and the subscapularis
38
where do the rotator cuff muscles originate from
the scapula
39
greatest importance of the rotator cuff muscles
the supraspinatus.
40
largest bursa of the body
the subdeltoid bursa
41
how is the subdelotid bursa formed
from the subacrominal bursa, it is continued beneath the deltoid
42
what muscle initiates the abduction of the humerus on the scapula
the supraspinatus
43
what happens if the supraspinatus is injured
initiation of abduction becomes impossible and the patient has to develop the trick movement of tilting his body towards the injured side so that gravity passively swings the arm from his trunk
44
what comes into play when the supraspinatus is injured
the deltoid and scapular rotators come into play
45
most commonly dislocated major joint
the shoulder
46
how does shoulder dislocation occur
violent abduction. the humeral head may slip away from the glenoid to lie in the subglenoid region, whence it usually passes anteriorly into a subcoracoid position
47
what nerve can be torn in a shoulder dislocation
axillary nerve
48
how do you reduce anterior shoulder dislocations using the davos technique
The davos technique. the patientes control the forcefulness of the procedure, thereby minimizing their pain, anxiety and muscle spasms without analgesia
49
how is the greater trochanter best palpated
with the hip abducted so that the overlying hip abductors are relaxed
50
what covers the ischial tuberosity when you stand
the gluteus maximus
51
what do you sit on when you are sitting
the muscle slips away so that the weight is taken directly on the bone
52
prominent landmark on the knee?
the patella
53
what is palpable on the legs?
the condyles of the femur and tibia, the head of the fibula, and the joint line of the knee
54
can the calcaneus be palpated
yes
55
what can you feel if you carefully palpate the calcaneus
the peroneal tubercle
56
what is weavers bottom
a bursae over the ischial tuberosity that may enlarge with too much sitting
57
what is housemaids knee / beat knee
when the patella is affected by prolonged kneeling forwards (scrubbing floors)
58
Clergyman's knee or infrapatellar
the bursa over the ligamentum patellae is involved by years of kneeling in a more erect position (i.e. praying)
59
what is a common fracture site in elderly
the upper end of the femur
60
femur fractures
- neck beneath the head: subcapital - midpoint: cervical - adjacent to the trochanters: basal - fracture line may pass between along or just below the trochanters
61
does apertrochanteric damage the retinacular blood supply
no it doesnt therefor aspetic bone necrosis does not occur
62
does asubcapital fracture cut of the retinacular blood supply
yes it cuts off most supply to the head and aspetic bone necrosis is common
63
what kind of fractures do children get in the femoral neck
greenstick fractures
64
what are fractures of the femoral shaft accompanied by
considerable shortening due to the longitudinal contraction of the extremely strong surrounding muscles
65
why does the patella split and shatter but not avulsed
because the quadriceps expansion remain intact
66
upper end of the tibial shaft is a common site for
acute osteomyelitis
67
most common site of fracture in the leg and the most common site of a compound injury
the tibia
68
three functions of the fibula
origin for muscles, a part of the ankle joint and a pulley for the tendons of peroneus longus and brevis
69
how is the ankle formed
it is a mortice formed by the malleoli and lower end of the tibia and the body of the talus
70
what is the most frequent ligament affected in an ankle abduction or adduction
the lateral ligament
71
the most usual ankle fracture that is produced is by an...
abduction-external rotation injury
72
3 important zones of the lower limb
1. the femoral triangle 2. the adductor canal 3. the popliteal fossa
73
boundaries of the femoral triangle (superior/medial/lateral)
superiorly: the inguinal ligament medially: medial border of the adductor longus laterally: medial border of sartorius
74
boundaries of the femoral triangle (roof/floor)
floor: iliacus, tendon of psoas, pectineus and adductor longus roof: superficial fascia (superficial inguinal lymph nodes and great saphenous vein with tributaries and the deep fascia)
75
contents of the femoral triangle
femoral vein, artery and nerve with the deep inguinal nodes
76
are the inguinal nerves palpable in perfectly healthy people, why or why not
yes, because minor sepsis and abrasions of the leg are so common
77
the adductor canal (of Hunter) boundaries
posteriorly: adductor longus and magnus anterolaterally: vastus medialis anteromedially: the sartorius which lies on a fascial sheet forming the roof of the canal
78
contents of the adductor canal (of Hunter)
femoral artery, femoral vein, saphenous nerve and in the upper part, the nerve to vastus medialis from the femoral nerve
79
what is the popliteal fossa a continuation of
the adductor canal
80
boundaries of the popliteal fossa
superolaterally: biceps tendon superomedially: semimembranosus reinforced by semitendinosus infermedially. and inferolaterally: the medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius
81
how many vertebrae in the vertebral column
33
82
how many vertebrae are discrete
24
83
how many are fused in the sacrum and coccyx
9
84
most common fractures of the spine
T12, L1 and L2
85
most common type of fracture in the vertebral column
flexion-compression tupe.
86
most common cervical vertebrae to become fractured or dislocated is...
C7
87
what may rupture with a fractured/dislocated C7
a rupture of the annulus fibrosus which causes the nucleus pulposes to protrude posteriorly into the vertebral canal
88
whats it called when the annulus fibrosis ruptures and allows the nucleus pulposes to protrude
prolapsed intervertebral disc
89
where do you perform a lumbar puncture to withdraw C.S.F.
the 4th lumbar vertebra
90
what is penetrated with a lumbar puncture
the dura
91
what is an extradural block
the extradural space can be entered by a needle passed either between the spinal laminae or via the sacral hiatus (caudal or sacral anaesthesia)

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