Quiz 3 Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
development steps of language
A
pictographic, ideographic, logographic, syllabic, alphabetic
2
Q
pictographic language
A
picture writing
3
Q
example of pictographic language
A
early sumerian
4
Q
ideographic language
A
concept writing
5
Q
example of ideographic writing
A
late sumerian
6
Q
logographic language
A
single character represents a word
7
Q
logographic language example
A
chinese
8
Q
syllabic language
A
consists of consonants only
9
Q
example of syllabic language
A
phoenician
10
Q
alphabetic language
A
consists of consonants and vowels
11
Q
alphabetic language example
A
Greek, latin, english
12
Q
bow-wow theory of language evolution
A
imitating sounds led to language
13
Q
ding-dong theory of language evolution
A
sound symbolism developed into language
14
Q
evolutionary changes needed for language
A
brain size, anatomy, symbolic learning
15
Q
brain size and language connection
A
encephalization, bipedalism, and protein intake
16
Q
anatomy and language connection
A
lower larynx, vocal tract lengthening, hyoid bone
17
Q
symbolic learning and language connection
A
representational cave art
18
Q
non-human primate language
A
diana monkey call signs, koko gorilla using ASL
19
Q
kung san tribe uses
A
sign language when hunting
20
Q
unique characteristics of human language
A
productivity, displacement, arbitrariness
21
Q
productivity of human language
A
flexible, creative, limitless capacity for expression
22
Q
displacement of human language
A
ability to refer to those that are not present
23
Q
arbitrariness of human language
A
no necessary connection between words and objects
24
Q
phonology
A
study of sounds
25
phonetics
variations in sound
26
phonemics
variations in sound that distinguish meaning
27
phonemes
smallest contrastive unit of sound that can change meaning
28
how do phonemes change
tonalized, nasalized, or use of clicks
29
morphology
study of words
30
morpheme
smallest unit of meaning
31
example of phoneme
bat vs pat
32
syntax
rules for making a sentence
33
noam Chomsky theory on syntax
completely correct sense can make no sense
34
semantics
study of meanings of symbols, words, phrases, or sentences
35
sociolinguistics
how language is used to organize things
36
examples of sociolinguistics
honorifics, gender, diglossia
37
pragmatics
context of meaning
38
implicatures
what someone implies beyond literal meaning
39
nuer of sudan
tribe of pastoralists that have a vast vocabulary to identify their cattle
40
sappir-wolf hypothesis
language shapes perception and is a coercive force
41
Gugur Yimithirr
tribe in northern queensland that use cardinal directions instead of right or left
42
Jahi tribe significant
words for smell are like English words for color
43
greater the amount of flora and fauna means what about languages
the more languages there are
44
what country has the most languages
Papa New Guinea
45
loss of language causes
loss of heritage, story telling, ethnobotanical knowledge
46
kinesics
body motion and facial expressions and gestures
47
proxemics
perception and use of space in different cultures
48
example of proxemics
different ideas on personal space
49
kogals
bad girls female subculuture in Japan
50
ganguro
very tan, white eyes and lips of Kogal look
51
yamamba
mountain hag Kogal look
52
dropped "ra" murder
change in Japanese language by dropping the "ra" in words to create slang
53
diglossia
difference in language registration
54
Sir Edward Taylor's theory on culture
unilineal cultural evolution
55
unilineal cultural evolution
all societies pass through the same stages of evolution at different times
56
stages of unilineal cultural evolution
promiscuity, savagery, barbarism, civilization
57
Herbert spencer's theory on culture
social darwinsim/biological determinism
58
social Darwinism/biological determinism
racial differences in intelligence are due to innate biological difference
59
ergo
euro-Americans are biological and culturally superior
60
Lewis Henry Morgan
people at lower stages of cultural evolution are inferior and underdeveloped
61
culture
learned traditions and customs that control behaviors and beliefs
62
is cultural genetic
no, learned, not instinctual
63
sociobiology
cultural practices are about biological drives
64
example of sociobiological beliefs
families are about passing genes, not values
65
enculturation
learning a culture through emersion
66
conditioning/situational learning
responding to cues
67
social learning
through observation and copying
68
symbolic learning
associate signs that have no natural connection to the things they stand for
69
shared culture
people share values, beliefs, and norms
70
values
what is considered good/bad/ugly
71
example of American values
"rugged" individualism
72
beliefs
what is considered true and false
73
example of American beliefs
kids should leave home by 18
74
norms
what is okay and what is not
75
example of American norms
parents don't live with grown children
76
folkways
line between right and rude enforced by gentle social pressure
77
example of American folkways
chewing with your mouth shut
78
mores
morally binding difference between right and wrong, but no illegal
79
example of American more
smoking in church
80
is country static
no, dynamic
81
subculture results from
generational differences, deviance, counterculture
82
subcultures recieve
backlash from dominant culture
83
cultural hemogony
apartheid or fundamentalism
84
ethnocentrism
judging other cultures negatively on the basis of one's own
85
cultural negatives
cultural homogeny, ethnocentrism, essentialism, stereotypes, culture clash
86
diffusion
borrowing traits from other cultures
87
acculturation
intermingling of cultures
88
deculturation
loss or abandonment of culture or cultural characteristics of a people or society
89
example of independent innovation
written language
90
globalization
interlinked, mutually dependent world
91
cultural appropriation
taking another's culture out of context inappropriately
92
etic study
culturally neutral study
93
Emic study
culturally specific study
94
Marvin Harris' theory on cultural study
cultural selection
95
cultural selection
allows successful adaption to material environment
96
critique of cultural selection
cultures can be maladaptive
97
Clifford Geertz theory on cultural study
anthropology is a science of interpretation
98
thick description of culture
sensitivity to cultural meaning and context
99
colonialism began as a search for
commodities
100
Sir Edward Taylor was the founder of
cultural anthropology
101
why did Sir Edward Taylor pursue cultural anthropology
wanted to understand primitive people
102
mercantilism
age of discovery and exploration
103
exploration was allowed by
perfected ship building
104
marco pollo
explored along the silk road to expose Europeans to the East
105
Christopher Columbus
discovered the Americas as an explorer for the Spainish
106
Ferdinand Magellan
explored around South America and circumvented the world
107
Mercantilism instigated
a transoceanic economy and diffusion
108
British India Indentured Labor
1 million Indian laborers were transported in the British Empire
109
modernization
growth of the nation state, investment, tech innovation, nation-stateredte sponsored trade
110
industrial revolution
factory replaced agricultural importance to create stratification and pollution
111
imperialism
policy of extending the rules of a country to foreign nations
112
colonialism
political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people for an extended time
113
how did industrialized countries compete for control of other countries
territorial conquest, ideological justification
114
did conquest or justification come first
conquest
115
enlightenment
intellectual movement of reason and social progress
116
what did enlightenment promote about colonialism
believed colonialism was to build a better world and was the civilizing mission of white men
117
political imperialism
the entire world was occupied and divided by European powers
118
terra australis incognita
unknown southern world
119
economic imperialism
dominant powers established economic power by forced labor and pillaging of local resources
120
Development of Underdevelopment
Andre Gunder Frank
121
theory of the Development of Underdevelopment
resources flow from colonies to capitalist countries so that western cultures are developed at the expense of colonies
122
colonial forestry effects
appropriated timber for railroad and shipbuilding in government and colonies, banned timber use by locals, depleted native forests
123
HMS Maiden example of colonial forestry
built out of teak in India, but ended up fighting the War of 1812 in Baltimore
124
cultural Imperialism
colonizer's culture imposed on the colonized
125
how is cultural imperialism carried out
law, education, forced acculturation
126
tropes of colonial discourse
debasement of other and affirmation of self
127
scientific colonialism
center for knowledge about a nation is outside of the nation itself
128
collection of info in scientific colonialism is for
the betterment of the government, not the people
129
human terrain system project
anthropologists took advantage of the Afghan wars to gain ask to people, but then gave the info they learned to US soldiers
130
the Humman terrain System Project was denounced by
the American Anthropological Association
131
ethnology
science of race
132
ethnology characteristics
polygenism, black people are inferior, used to condone slavery
133
eugenics
pseudo-science of improving a human population, especially by such means as
discouraging reproduction by persons with genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable
undesirable traits through forced sterilization or encouraging reproduction
by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits
134
eugenics was supported by ____ in the US
Justice Wendell Holmes
135
eugenics is used today
to control the Roma Gypsies in the Czech Republic
136
Scratch Test for Native Americans
belief that full-blooded native americans would be more red when scratched than mixed blood
137
the Nazis targeted what people group with eugenics
jews, roma, and disabled
138
Eugenic Ideal
eye color chart by Dr Rudolf Martin in 1910
139
Chromatic Scale for Classifying Skin Color was created by
Dr Felix Ritter von Lushan in 1911
140
Eugenics in medicine today
doctors are told blacks/latinos don't feel pain as much and are denied medications
141
ethnic groups share
culture
142
ethnicity doesn't match
race
143
Ford Melting Pot
orientation of how to be American
144
the US melting pot focused on
assimilation and homogony
145
the US salad bowl theory focused on
multiculturalism and mutlethnicism
146
miscegenation laws were appealed in
1967 to allow interracial marriage
147
race on an individual level is about
self-identificaton
148
White Privilege
invisible package of unearned assets which are meant to remain oblivous
149
White Privilege was coined by
Peggy McIntosh
150
Janet Holmes determined that
Race is learned or unlearned in stages
151
Janet Holmes believed the stages of learning race were
1. Contact
2. Disintegration
3. Reintegration
4. Pseudo-Independence
5. Immersion
6. Autonomy
152
weathering
toxic stress of discrimination triggering premature deterioration
153
who experiences weathering
African American women
154
example of an African American Woman who experienced weathering
Serena Williams experiencing excessive clotting after childbirth
155
smedly's theory on racism
racism did not exist in Europe until after the 17th century after it developed in America
156
what disproves smedly's theory on racism
art history depicted blacks in a negative way, such as the devil as being black
157
examples of racism in Europe today
antigypsyism and a black soccer player
158
importance of Bacon's Rebellion
hardened racism and cemented slavery in America
