Quiz 4 Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
Extreme cannibalism was practiced by what group
A
the Aztecs
2
Q
extent of cannibalism in the Aztecs
A
heart extraction at 20-50,000 a year
3
Q
ritual sacrifice in the Aztecs was called
A
flowery wars
4
Q
flowery wars took place for what reasons
A
diet (protein shortage), intimidation of enemies, to manage ecology
5
Q
what did Mexican experts find on stone knives that was significant
A
fossilized blood found on obsidian knives in Cantona, Mexico, dating 1,000 years before the Aztecs
6
Q
where else was ritual cannibalism
A
ritualized cannibal feasts among soldiers in Liberia in the 1980s
common place sacred cannibalism in Libera in the 2000s
7
Q
motivations for cannibalism
A
spiritual and physical power, propaganda and intimidate enemies, child armies
8
Q
use of albino body parts
A
used by witch doctors in Malawi and Tanzania to predict the future and bring good fortune
9
Q
examples of survival canibalism
A
Jamestown Colonists in 1609
Uruguay Rugby Team Plane Crash in 1972
10
Q
evidence of cannibalism in Jamestown
A
Jamestown Jane: skull cracked open, she had a protein-rich and had just arrived from england
11
Q
sex
A
male and female (biological
12
Q
gender
A
masculine and feminine (cultural)
13
Q
man
A
male sex and masculine social role
14
Q
woman
A
female sex and feminine social role
15
Q
transgender
A
when one’s gender identity does not match assigned sex
16
Q
middle eastern men do what that is seen as weird in the west
A
holding hands with a man friend, which is seen as perfectly normal/innocent
17
Q
in the middle east, what is an important “manly” physical characteristic
A
mustache and beard
18
Q
third gender is seen in what native American tribe
A
crow tribe in Montana
19
Q
crow tribe called the third gender what
A
two-spirit person who is male bodied with special social and ceremonial status in the tribe
20
Q
role of two spirit people in the crow tribe
A
possess both maleness and femaleness
engage in male and female activities
marry widowers
care for kids
may be co-wives with single spirit women
21
Q
third gender is called what in south asia
A
hijras
22
Q
hijras are identified as
A
neither man nor female, half man-half woman seen as a source of power in hinduism
23
Q
role of hijras in Indian culture
A
caricature women
either intersexed or voluntarily emasculated
devotees of Bahuchara mata
male body and a female soul
24
Q
four types of sociopolitical groups
A
bands, tribes, chiefdoms, state societies
25
types of bands
foragers and hunter gathers
26
examples of band groups
!kung san, inuits, titui, mbuit, penan
27
types of tribes
horticulturalists, pastoralists
28
kinship based sociopolitical groups
bands, tribes, chiefdoms
29
examples of tribes
Yanomamo, maasai, nuer
30
types of chiefdoms
horticulturalists and agriculturalists
31
chiefdoms are centralized around
political economies
32
examples of chiefdoms
Kwakiutl and Trobriander's
33
types of state societies
agricultural and industrial
34
state societies are based around
a government
35
examples of state societies
US and china
36
environment and subsistence of bands
nomadic, marginal, hunting-gathering
37
environment and subsistence of tribes
horticulture and pastoralism
38
environment and subsistence of chiefdoms
abundant resources intensify horticulture and agriculture
39
demography of bands
low density, limited growth (30-100 people)
40
what happens in bands when the group gets too big
fission or infanticide
41
demography of tribes
more dense and slow growth (100-500)
42
demography of chiefdoms
population exceeds land carrying capacity (5,000-50,000)
43
!kung san environment
Kalahari desert with little vegetation
44
inuit environment
artic circle, a marginal environment
45
penan environment
Sarawak rainforest prevents cultivation
46
tiwi environment
tiwi islands of australia
47
environment of the mbuti
ituri rain forest in the DRC are intense hunters that forage for honey
48
mastanahua
in peru/brazil and use bows and arrows
49
work effort of bands
farmers spend more time than hunter-gatherers, free time is spent on art, games, storytelling, music, etc
50
band technology
digging sticks, poison
51
tribe technology
non-mechanized tools, wood working and weaving
52
chiefdom tools
specialized tools, storage, buildings
53
yanomamo
tribe in Venezuela and brazil who are horticulturalists that practice swidden
54
masai
tribe in kenya and tanzina who are pastoralist that practice transhumance and are threatened by privatization and fencing
55
Bakhtiari
tribe in Pakistan who are pastoralists threatened by climate change and women's independence
56
trobianders
chiefdom on the Kiriwinan islands who use a food storage called kula exchange and yam houses
57
Kwakiutl
historical chiefdom in Vancouver island studied by franze boaz
58
generalized reciprocity
give based on trust expecting no immediate return
59
who practices generalized receprocity
bands
60
balanced reciprocity
give based on socialites and expecting returns
61
balanced reciprocity is practiced by
tribes
62
band economy
reciprocity and sharing with no private property
63
tribe economy
reciprocity and monetary exchange, kin ownership, primogeniture
64
chiefdom economy
redistributive exchange and decent group ownership
65
Trobriander economy
kula: necklaces travel clockwise and armbands go counter-clockwise from island to island
66
Kwakiutl economy
potlach: extra goods are given to the chief for redistribution at a fest, was seen as an obstacle to assimilation
67
political organization of bands
decentralized, no social stratification, based on family
68
political organization of tribes
practice justice through oaths and trials
69
gerontocracy in tribes
elder's rule through a "head man"
70
sodalities in tribes
non-kin groups
71
political organization of chiefdoms
non-coercive pyramidal hierarchy, centralized without an army
72
inuit political organization
song duel settles disputes non-violently
73
tiwi
ritualized, regulated fighting of throwing sticks
74
mechanisms for social cohesion in bands
nuclear family
75
mechanism for social cohesion in tribes
descent groups
76
sodalities
associations based on age/gender (ex: fraternity)
77
age sets
grades
78
age set in the masai tribe
men of a certain age undergo circumcision and initiation together
79
who holds the power in melanasia
the big man
80
who is the big man
a charismatic leader with achieved status
81
ascribed status
automatically accorded status based on age, class, caste
82
example of ascribed status
elder, king, brahmin
83
achieved status
status based on accomplishments
84
class
open mobility
85
caste
closed, permanent stratification
86
caste system from highest to lowest
brahmin, kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra, Achuta
87
brahmin occupation and status
priests and religious officials, twice-born (dvija)
88
Kshatriya occupation and status
rulers and warrior, twice born
89
Vaishya occupation and status
farmers, merchants, traders, craftsmen, twice born
90
3rd gender in panama Guna Yala Region
omeggid: male bodied "like a woman" who have a relationship with male and females
91
type of relationships in the Guna Yala of Panama
matrilineal, matrilocal, with abduction of the groom
92
subculture of Hijras
live in communes of 5-15 with a guru mother
93
role of hijras in india
bless a child's birth and brides
94
what job to hijras have in pakistan
tax collector
95
what is the signature motion of hijras
clapping their hands
96
sex positive religion
tolerate wider range of sexual expression with religious/cultural legitimacy and cultural ambivalence
97
examples of sex positive religions
hinduism and islam
98
queer theory
subverts gender binaries and heteronormative ideals and performance of gender/sexuality
99
queer theory was created by
bakshi
100
legal gains of third gender in India
2009: "other" listed on electoral rolls and id cards
2014: Supreme Court recognizes third gender
2019: Transgender Person Act
101
caster semenya
transgender south African track athlete who won 2009 gold in 800m at World Championships
102
caster Semenya has what male/female sex characteristics
does not have ovaries and uterus, has an external female genitalia, has a high testosterone level
103
saartjie Baartman
south African (1789-1815) woman who was seen as the normative images of a black/African woman who was displayed in the UK/France
104
fat phobia
related to black women and originated in the Enlightenment to determine savagery and racial inferiority
105
Shudra occupation and status
servants and peasants, not twice-born and not allowed to hear Vedas
106
Achuta occupation and status
Untouchables who do dirty work, called "god's people" or "oppressed"
107
Jajmani System on Caste
view that caste is an occupational system based on reciprocity
108
Purity/Pollution View on Caste
caste is an ideological system
108
who created the Purity/Pollution view on caste
Louis Dumont "Homo Hierarchius"
109
commensality
fellowship, who one eats with
110
how does caste influence marriage
only marry within caste
111
Bands social system characteristics
nuclear families, monogamy, exogamy, gender equality, divorce
112
Tribes social system characteristics
focus on lineage, age set, bride wealth, polygyny, polyandry
113
chiefdom social system characteristics
stratification, slavery, gender inequality, polygny
114
vertical function of families
lineage
115
horizontal function of families
alliances through marriage
116
nuclear family
family of orientation or procreation
117
extended family
descent groups
118
Minangkabau families
Indonesian tribe that practices matrilineal descent, matrilocal housing, women as the head of the house
119
monogamy
marriage between two people
120
love marriage
autonomous and independently chosen
121
arranged marriage
the partner is chosen for the couple as a transaction
122
polygamy
marriage between multiple people
123
polygyny
ma with multiple wives
124
example of polygyny
king of Eswatini in Swaziland
125
polyandry
woman with many husbands
126
fraternal polyandry
two brothers with one wife
127
fraternal polyandry is common in what area
Himalayan India
128
why is fraternal polyandry practiced in India
to hold family land together
129
patrilocal
couple moves into the man's family home
130
endogamy
rules for selecting a partner within a particular group
131
exogamy
rules for selecting a partner outside of a certain group
132
matrilocal
couple moves into the woman's family home
133
Avunculocal
couple moves into the woman's uncle's home
134
ambilocal
couple chooses to move into either family's home
135
neolocal
couple moves into their own home
136
horticulture
subsistence farming
137
swidden
slash and burn farming practiced by Yanomamo
138
cross cousin marriage
between children of a brother and sister
139
parallel cousin marriage
between children of brothers or sisters
140
bride service in the Kung San
groom moves into the bride's band to work to compensate the loss of her work
141
bride wealth
groom pays the bride's family to marry her
142
problem with the bride wealth in the Nuer people of Uganda
groom demands refund if they divorce
143
dowry
bride's family pays the groom
144
India dowry deaths
Inlaws burn the bride so the groom can remarry and get a bigger dowry
145
honor killings
woman who don't follow social norms are killed by their family for bringing dishonor
146
ordeal
extra-judicial practice that determines innocence/guilt through a test
147
individualistic culture characteristics
a guilt culture, emphasis on individual responsibility, western society
148
collectivist culture characteristics
a shame culture, emphasis on family honor, eastern society
149
Levirate Remarriage
widow marries dead husband's brother
150
Levirate culture examples
Punjabis, Tibetans, Moroccans, Israelites
151
sororate remarriage
widower marries dead wife's sister
152
sororate culture examples
Innuits
153
religion in bands
shamanism and animism
154
religion in tribes
shamanism, animism, witchcraft, sorcery, totem
155
religion in chiefdoms
supernatural sanction and totems
156
shaminism
religious practioner and ritualist
157
animism
seeing life in other forms of nature
158
supernatural sanction
divine right to rule
159
human sacrifice is not associated with
shamanism and bands
160
archeological evidence for the origin of religon
Neanderthal burial of La Chapelle
Bear Skull formation in Drachenloch, Switzerland
Trois Freres Cave Art
161
Trois Freres
cave art in France depicting a shaman dressed in deer skin and horns
162
monumental architecture for the origin of religion
Stonehenge, great pyramid of Giza, Gobekli Tepe Monoliths
163
what theory about religion does the gobekli monoliths support?
religion sparked settlement in turkey
164
What did Norbeck believe about religion
it developed in response to environment
165
Tylor's definition of religion
belief in spiritual beings
166
Durkheim's definition of religion
solidarity/community, "God is society writ at large"
167
Malinowski's definition of religion
a way to overcome fear, anxiety, and uncertainity
168
Marx's definition of religion
ideology that prevents people from seeing oppression
169
theology
studying religion from a faith position
170
religious studies
secular study of religion with an emphasis on text
171
anthropological approach to religion
methodological agnosticism, sociological fact, as part of a larger social and cultural whole
172
"development" of religions
animism -> polytheism -> monotheism
173
animism
belief in spiritual beings
174
magic
supernatural ways to accomplish specific aims
175
types of magic
imitative/sympathetic (vodoo)
contagious (victim's hair)
176
sorcery
a learned skill used to harm others
177
witchcraft
inherited psychic/magical powers to steal life forces of others
178
characteristics of witches
flies, nocturnal, emits glow, subverts moral values, physical inversion
179
totemism
rite of intensification or rituals that enforce societal values/norms
180
cultures where totemism is used
Ojibwa, Native Americans, Aborigini
