quiz 3

Question 1

A- bands

Answer 1

striation caused by difference in appearence due to orientation

Question 2

actin

Answer 2

composed of globular proteins having active sites for cross bridge formation

Question 3

filament

Answer 3

contractile componet composed of thick or thin threads of proteins

Question 4

H-zone

Answer 4

region of a sarcomere that appears bright in polarized microscopy; dissapears when the sarcomere is fully contracted

Question 5

I-bands

Answer 5

part of a striation caused by having the same appearance, independent of orientation

Question 6

myosin

Answer 6

composed pivoting “heads” and protein fibers that form cross bridges

Question 7

titin

Answer 7

large, elastic protein that is found in sarcomeres to allow muscles to relax

Question 8

tropomyosin

Answer 8

regulatory protein that changes shape to expose active sites for cross bridges

Question 9

troponin

Answer 9

regulatory protein that bind calcium to facilitate cross bridge formation

Question 10

Z-line

Answer 10

makes up the borders of sarcomeres where protein discs act as spacers

Question 11

The neuroglial cells which contribute to protection from microbial invaders by phagocytosis are:

A. astrocytes

B. ependymal cells

C. microglia

D. oligodendrocytes

E. Schwan cells

Answer 11

C. Microglia

Question 12

The disease MS results in a type of sclerosis due to damage to which of the following PNS neuroglia?

A. somatic neurons

B. myelinated interneurons

C. oligodendrocytes

D. Schwan Cells

E. satellite cells surrounding the perikaryon of unipolar neurons

Answer 12

D. Schwan Cells

Question 13

Which is (are) considered parts of the central nervous system?

A. Brain

B. cranial nerves

C. spinal nerves

D. all of these

E. None of these

Answer 13

A. Brain

Question 14

The spinal cord is protected by:

A. meninges

B. vertebral canal

C. cerebrospinal fluid

D. all of these

E. none of these

Answer 14

D. all

Question 15

Answer 15

A

Question 16

spinal nerves conect to the spinal cord by:

A. horns

B. the endoneurium

C. dorsal and ventral roots

D. columns

E. tracts

Answer 16

C. dorsal and ventral roots

Question 17

True/ False

Somatic motor neurons innervate effectors found in smoth muscle

Answer 17

False

Somatic motor neurons innervate effectors found in skeletal muscles

Question 18

True/ False

The cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 18

True

Question 19

True / False

Ependymal cells are neuroglial cells that become inflamed when infected with pathogens, thus leading to menigitis

Answer 19

False

**Meninges **are neuroglial cells…

Question 20

True/ False

The loss of the covering produced by oligodendrocytes

and satellite cells is called demyelination.

Answer 20

False

The loss of the covering produced by oligodendrocytes

and **schwann cells **is called demyelination.

Question 21

True / False

The middle layer of the meninges is called the pia mater

Answer 21

False

The middle layer of the meninges is called the **aracchnoid mater **

Question 22

True/ False

Action potentials and nerve impulses are different in that action potentials refer to changes in membrane potential and nerver impulses refer to changes in effector membrane potential.

Answer 22

False

essentially the same thing

Question 23

Answer 23

A. Depolarizing phase

B. threshold potential

C. hyper polarization

Question 24

Label the componets of the reflex arc are shown below. How does an autonomic reflex arc differ from an enteric reflex arc with regard to types of of specific effectors?

Answer 24

A. sensory receptor

B. sensory neuron (afferent)

C. skeletal muscle (effector neuron)

D. associahon neuron (integration system)

E. motor neuron (efferent)

Autonomic reflex and enteric both trigger effects with regards to smooth muscle tissue, glands, and/or cardiac tissue, but and enteric reflex are specifically deals with digestion and gastro-intestinal processes.

Enteric nervous system can be considered as a branch of the autonomic nervous system

Question 25

Brain of Fire

Answer 25

In the case study, the young woman had rogue antibodies that attacked her brain thus leading to inflamation of the brain know as **autoimune encephalitis. **Doctors preformed all kinds of tests from spinal tap to blood tests. She experienced hypertension and even siezures. Then a doctor ran a simple test and asked her to draw a clock. She drew all numbers on the right side of the clock. This was because the right side of her brain was inflammed.

Question 26

musclse fascicles as shown below are referred to as?

Answer 26

triangular

Question 27

True / False A muscle contraction will occur when myosin thin filaments attach to tropomyosin at the ends of a sarcomere

Answer 27

False A muscle contraction will occur when **myosin heads attach to actin protein**

Question 28

The most abundant CNS neuroglial cells are : A. astrocytes B.ependymal C. microglia D. oligodendrocytes E. Schwan cells

Answer 28

A. astrocytes

Question 29

Unlike Schwan cells, oligodendrocytes : A. are neurons B. an altered form of interneurons C. are myelin-producing cells of CNS D. are myelin prodcuing cells of PNS E. are the satellite cells surrounding the cell body of a PNS neuron

Answer 29

C. are the myelin producing cells of CNS

Question 30

True/ False Glutamate is an example of an amino acid neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contractions.

Answer 30

False **Acetylcholine ** is an example of an **organic ion**

Question 31

List 3 structural types of neurons and give an example, characteristic or function of each. (6 points)

Answer 31

Unipolar neurons typically begin as bipolar neurons during development are known as pseudounipolar neurons. Many types of primary sensory neurons are pseudounipolar. Typically these have special structures for transducing some type of physical stimulus (light, sound, temperature, etc.) into electrical activity, no dendrites, and a single axon that conveys the resulting signals into the spinal cord or brain. Bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions. Common examples are the bipolar cells of the retina, the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve, and the extensive use of bipolar cells to transmit efferent (motor) signals to control muscles. Bipolar cells are also found in the spinal ganglia, when the cells are in an embryonic condition. Multipolar neurons possess a single (usually long) axon and many dendrites, allowing for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons. These dendritic branches can also emerge from the nerve cell body. Multipolar neurons constitute the majority of neurons in the brain and include motor neurons and interneurons.

Question 32

. List the components of a reflex arc. How does a somatic reflex arc differ from autonomic and enteric reflex arcs with regard to types of specific effectors?

Answer 32

Somatic: Effectors are skeletal muscle fibers Autonomic and enteric: Effectors are * smooth muscle * cardiac muscle * endocrine and exocring glands * adipose tissue