quiz 4

Question 1

1 Which is not transported by blood?

a. carbon dioxide b. hormones c. nutrients d. oxygen e. urine

Answer 1

e. urine

Question 2

2. How is blood protective?
   a. The red blood cells perform phagocytosis.
   b. Blood regulates endocrine glands.
   c. Plasma cells produce antibodies.
   d. Blood regulates pH of bodily fluids.
   e. T-helper cells produce antibodies.

Answer 2

c. plasma cells produce antibodies

Question 3

3. Which pairing is mismatched?
   a. cytotoxic T cells: attack viruses and cancer cells
   b. neutrophils: secrete antibodies
   c. eosinophils: involved in allergic reactions and digesting parasitic worms
   d. basophils: involved in allergic reactions
   e. T helper cells: secrete cytokines

Answer 3

b. neutrophils: secrete antibodies

Question 4

4. Which layer of the heart and its associated location/function is mismatched?
   a. Endocardium: lines the inside of the heart
   b. Myocardium: responsible for contraction of the heart
   c. Epicardium: the visceral portion of the serous pericardium
   d. Serous pericardium: tough connective tissue that anchors the heart

Answer 4

D. serious pericardium: tough connective tissue that anchors the heart

Question 5

5. The heart chamber with the thickest walls that pumps blood through the systemic circulation is t
   a. Left atrium. b. Right atrium. c. Right ventricle. d. Left ventricle.

Answer 5

d. left ventricle

Question 6

6. The P wave of an ECG is created by the electrical activity associated with
   a. Atrial depolarization.
   b. Atrial repolarization.
   c. Ventricular depolarization.

d. Ventricular repolarization.
e. Interventricular septum depolarization.

Answer 6

a. atrial depolarization

Question 7

7. At a normal resting heart rate, each cardiac cycle lasts approximately
   a. 0.1 seconds.
   b. 0.2 seconds.
   c. 0.4 seconds.
   d. 0.8 seconds.
   e. 2.0 seconds.

Answer 7

d. 0.8 secs

Question 8

T/F

8. The beginning of an atherosclerotic plaque occurs when a “fatty streak” in the vessel wall is formed from macrophages eating accumulated LDL particles

Answer 8

true

Question 9

T/F

9. Neutrophils are agranular lymphocytes that phagocytize bacteria.

Answer 9

false

9. Neutrophils are granular lymphocytes that phagocytize bacteria.

Question 10

t/f

10. Antibiotics are often used for treatment of pericarditis.

Answer 10

false

NSAIDs are often used for treatment of pericarditis

Question 11

t/f

11. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets adhere to exposed keratin fibers and cause the fibers to produce a fibrin mesh called a clot.

Answer 11

false

When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibers and cause the platelets to produce a fibrin mesh called a clot

Question 12

t/f

12. Macrophages are WBCs that give rise to thrombocytes.

Answer 12

false

Megakaryocytes are WBCs that give rise to

Question 13

13. Exlplain why the some of the formed elements of the blood are considered incomplete. Also list which mature formed elemets are complete and which ones are incomplete (3 points)

Answer 13

WBC are complete

incomplete-lack a nucleus, thrombocytes and RBCs are incomplete

Question 14

figure 1

figure 2

14. Each of these pictures represent an erythrocyte at maturity. One represents erythrocytes with normal levels of oxygen; the other shows what happens during a specific disease of the blood when oxygen levels are low.

A) Specifically label each type of cell condition interms of “with sufficient oxygen” an “with low levels of oxygen”. B) Give one reason why the cell in Figure 2 looks the way it does. (2 points)

Answer 14

figure 1: with sufficient oxygen

figure 2: with low levels

the cell becomes sickle shaped because the Hb-S molecule collapses when oxygen levels are low and causes the RBC to shrink

Question 15

Basophil

Answer 15

j. WBC that is involved in allergies

Question 16

cytotoxic T cell

Answer 16

f. WBC that targets cancer cells and virus-infected cells

Question 17

chylomicron

Answer 17

e. particle that transports dietary lipids through lymph and blood

Question 18

dendritic cell

Answer 18

b. branched, phagocytic WBC found throughout the body, especially in the skin

Question 19

eosinophil

Answer 19

i. WBC that is involved in allergies and digests parasitic worms

Question 20

lymphatic tissue

Answer 20

c. composed of cells responsible for immunity and absorption of lipids

Question 21

monocyte

Answer 21

a. becomes specialized in phagocytosis of cell debris and microbes during inflammation

Question 22

neutrophil

Answer 22

g. WBC that is considered a bacterial “slayer”; most abundant WBC type

Question 23

t cell

Answer 23

h. Lymphocyte that matures in the thymus; differentiates into specialized types

Question 24

WBC

Answer 24

d. general term that includes all leukocytes

Question 25

15. Compare and contrast the functions various organelles in erythrocytes vs. leukocytes. Why are RBCs anaerobic (list 2 reasons)? (3 points)

Answer 25

Both contain at least ribosomes for protein synthesis; WBCs are complete cells that contain organelles and some contain granules for attacking pathogens. All WBC’s are nucleated. RBCs are anaerobic because they lack mitochondria; also, if aerobic, would use up the oxygen that they transport.

Question 26

16. When one hold their breath, what happens to the pH of blood plasma? Describe from the perspective of blood plasma pH and factors affecting pH, what could happen to someone if blood plasma pH changed drastically. List in your explanation, three general mechanisms of maintaining pH balance in the human body. (3 points)

Answer 26

CO2 increases / remains in the blood, dissolves and lowers the pH. If pH changed drastically, acidosis or alkalosis will result in CNS disruption, coma and eventually death. 1) chemical buffers, 2) protein buffers, such as albumins, 3) excretion of CO2.

Question 27

17. What is the normal range of blood plasma pH? (1 point)

Answer 27

7.35 – 7.45

Question 28

17. List in order of abundance from most to least, the 5 types of leukocytes. (2.5 points)

Answer 28

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

Question 29

18. How long do RBCs live? (1 point)

Answer 29

120 days

Question 30

19. When a RBC completes its “life cycle”, describe what happens to the following: (1.5 points) a. the globin of hemoglobin b. the heme of hemoglobin c. the iron of the heme

Answer 30

a. the globin of hemoglobin Protein broken down into amino acids and recycled or metabolized further. b. the heme of hemoglobin Heme is broken down into bilirubin and further detoxified in the liver and digestive system. Eventually excreted in feces and urine. c. the iron of the heme Transported and stored in the liver as well as transported to the bone marrow to make more hemoglobin.

Question 31

20. What is hypokalemia? (1 point)

Answer 31

Low blood potassium levels