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Quiz 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Civil society

A

Set of organizations in civic life outside the state through which citizens associate, articulate, and advance their interests; values of trust, cooperation and tolerance building social capital

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1
Q

Interest groups

A

Organizations that make demands in the political sphere on behalf of their constituents and members

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2
Q

Social capital

A

Features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit

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3
Q

Civil society in pluralist and corporatist systems

A

Pluralist: less state involvement, nonhierarchical characteristics, multiple groups competing
Corporatist: more state involvement, hierarchical characteristics, fewer groups with limited competition

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4
Q

Civil society and democratization

A

Conducive conditions, organization/mobilization, helps overcome collective action problem, social capital

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5
Q

Civil society and democratic transition

A

Weak civil society can hinder consolidation

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6
Q

Civil society and quality of democracy

A

Stimulates civic and political participation, provides alternate channels for interest representation, develops democratic attitudes, promotes socioeconomic development

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7
Q

Contention

A

The pursuit of collective goods largely outside of formal political institutions

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8
Q

Revolutions

A

Efforts to dramatically transform society and its political and/or social structures

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9
Q

Social movement

A

Ongoing, organized and sustained collective action oriented toward a goal of social change

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10
Q

Social networks

A

Structures of social ties and connections among individuals

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11
Q

Social movement organizations

A

Organizations created to help maintain and lead social movement activity over time

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12
Q

Iron law of oligarchy

A

Organizational leadership necessarily creates its own interest

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13
Q

Insurgencies

A

Contention with formalized military conflict

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14
Q

Civil war

A

Sustained military conflict between domestic actors

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15
Q

Terrorism

A

Violence toward non military targets

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16
Q

Everyday resistance

A

Efforts to resist or obstruct authority that are not clearly organized over time

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17
Q

Social revolutions

A

Changes social and political structures

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18
Q

Political revolutions

A

Alter political institutions rather than social and economic structures

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19
Q

Relative deprivation and social disequilibrium theory of contention

A

Major changes cause social strain or conflict increased demand for revolution

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20
Q

Resource mobilization and political opportunities theory of contention

A

State breakdown creates political opportunity for revolution; organizational resources matter

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21
Q

Rational choice theory of contention

A

Rationality of joining a revolution depends upon upping individual benefits and lowering risk

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22
Q

Framing theory of contention

A

Ability to frame revolution in a meaningful way shapes success

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23
Q

Identity

A

Social label that locates an individual or group in society

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24
National identity
An identity that locates ones social position in relation to national membership
25
Nationalism
The view that the world is and should be divided into nations that are sovereign and egalitarian
26
Origins of nationalism: three theories
Primordialism: primitive groups formed nations Perennialism: in the middle Modernism: emerged in Europe 17th/18th c
27
Civic nationalism
"Western"; depends on state membership
28
Ethnic nationalism
"Eastern"; depends on ancestry
29
Individualistic nationalism
Nations are associations of individuals; always civic not ethnic
30
Collectivistic nationalism
Nations have collective agency; will beyond that of individuals; can be civic or ethnic
31
Race
Idea that human beings are divided into different groups; often thought of biological categories and usually based on skin color
32
Racial formation
Creation of races
33
Racialization
Process through which race becomes a significant issue
34
Ethnicity
Quality that one has by identifying with or being a member of an ethnic group
35
Ethnic group
A group that identifies itself as having strong cultural commonality and a shared sense of long run history
36
Gender
Culturally constructed roles or identities one has by virtue of being considered male or female
37
Empowerment
The process to increase the social, political, or economic capabilities of an individual or group
38
Primordial bonds theory of nationalism
Evolution encourages the development of such identities: those who developed collective identities can survive and outcompete those who did not
39
Structural forces theory of nationalism
Social structures give rise to nationalism
40
Political institutions theory of nationalism
State is a leading political institution that created nations
41
Cultural construction theory of nationalism
Elites facing status inconsistency use the idea of nation as they pursue their interests
42
Primordial bounds theory of national conflict
Groups that feel their identity is under threat are likely sources of conflict
43
Cultural boundaries theory of national conflict
Types of boundaries between groups contribute to likelihood of conflict
44
Material interests theory of national conflict
Ethno-national identity is used as an instrument for purposes like gaining power and/or accessing resources
45
Rational calculation theory of national conflict
Rational choice of actors explains prescience or absence of conflict
46
Social movement mobilization theory of representation
Social movements are often the force that brings about social change, thus transforming public attitudes about a group
47
Institutional methods for representation
reserved seat system, candidate quota system
48
Political culture
A set of beliefs or a meaning system that people hold about politics and related matters
49
Modernity
Society that typically experiences economic development (industrialization) and a relatively strong modern state and is associated with a particular set of socio-cultural norms, attitudes, and practices
50
Modermization
Process through which a state becomes more modern
51
Ideology
Highly organized systems of ideas about politics
52
Liberalism
Emphasizes individual freedoms, representatives, democracy, and the market economy
53
Fascism
Authoritarian ideology favoring militarism and right wing nationalism
54
Socialism
Emphasizes economic equality to be pursued through state action
55
Functions of religion
Foster social integration, give a sense of order, motivate collective action, feature transcendent force of good
56
Secularization
Process through which societies become less religious, often as they become more modern; differentiation from the state
57
Religious states
Religion is a key part of official politics
58
Lay states
Establish a formal separation of religion and public life
59
Denominationalism
System that supports religious pluralism and voluntary participation in denominations
60
Modernization theory of Secularization
Less existential insecurity leads to less need for religion
61
Religious economics theory of Secularization
Demand for religion is constant, religiosity depends on market--more competitive market increases religiosity
62
Institutional theories of Secularization
More complex societies leads to more varied institutions

Comparative Politics (5 decks)

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