Quiz 3 Flashcards

(33 cards)

1
Q

Virtue Ethics (VE)

A

Emphasizes on character rather than actions and consequences to define morality

Distinguishes between good character traits - virtues and vices

Morality: being the best person you can be, honing strengths while working on weaknesses

For Aristotle: the person who strives for virtue will do only good things

Our actions reflect on who we are

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2
Q

(VE) What is a virtue?

A

Virtue of character is a mean between two vices, one of excess and one of deficiency - Golden Mean

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3
Q

(VE) Can virtue be learned?

A

To Aristotle: Yes!

Virtue is a skill that can be learned by observing virtuous people, and emulate them and practice.

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4
Q

(VE) What is a good life?

A

Eudaimonia: the search for happiness from within.

The good life is not having or striving for virtues, it is the possession and practice of them - to flourish!

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5
Q

(VE) Practical Wisdom

A

It is the practical knowledge
The intellectual virtue of practical reasoning - knowledge acquired by practice

Eg. Nurse Belanna

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6
Q

(VE) How to become virtuous?

A

This is not done by studying, but though doing virtuous actions in the way that virtuous people do until it becomes a habit.

By observing and practising virtuous people

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7
Q

(VE) Open-mindedness

A

The mean between closed-mindedness and credulousness

turning away and being resistant to change - adopting the latest idea without reflecting

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8
Q

Criticisms of Virtue Ethics

A
  • Unclear guidance on how to act
  • Unclear definition of what truly being virtuous is
  • Subjective- eg. how to define a good life can be very subjective
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9
Q

Integrity

A

From latin “integer” - meaning “intact”
Wholeness
The quality of being honest and having a strong

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10
Q

Integrity Aspects (4)

A

1) Moral autonomy
2) Fidelity to Promise
3) Steadfastness
4) Wholeness

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11
Q

(Integrity) Moral Autonomy

A
  • Becoming a more fully autonomous moral agent means to accept responsibility and being accountable for own actions or what we fail to do.
  • Continuous process achieved by reflection of own values, beliefs and principles
  • By knowing what we believe in we gain a moral compass on what we decide to do or not - knowing ourselves makes us gain control instead of following what others define
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12
Q

(Integrity) Fidelity to promise

A

To make promises and keep them!

Someone who cannot be counted on to keep a promise lacks integrity.

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13
Q

(Integrity) Fidelity to promise: Nursing Perspective

A

Nurses are expected to make and reflect on these promises:

1) To respect Pt values and choices
2) To protect private information & confidentiality
3) To help and do no harm

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14
Q

(Integrity) Steadfastness

A

Integrity requires us to maintain our considered values, beliefs and principles during both calm and turbulent times.

Being true to ourselves and to our moral code and promises can be difficult sometimes -
Stand up for your reflected beliefs especially when everything is against it

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15
Q

(Integrity) Wholeness

A

Personal vs Professional

State of forming a complete and harmonious whole from all parts of our lives.

Integrity requires us to integrate our ideals into our lives across its various dimensions & through the roles and relationships in which we find ourselves.

When this is absent nurses experience a disconnection that results in moral distress.

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16
Q

Positive duty

A

A duty to do something

17
Q

Negative duty

A

A duty to refrain from doing something

18
Q

Integrity and personal values

A

A code of ethics is :
“a professional promise to the patients and to the public that nurses will be accountable” > honest and demonstrate integrity

19
Q

Integrity: Speaking up

A

To be silent and to not act up when something is wrong is to be conducive and to agree to it.

> Integrity demands actions > TO DO SOMETHING > Positive duty

20
Q

Moral distress

A

When a nurse is not able to demonstrate & act for one’s beliefs, values and principles

21
Q

Moral residue

A

What carries forwards after moral distress and inability to act for what it is right and moral

22
Q

Moral integrity is incompatible with…

A
close-mindedness and credulousness
uncooperativeness
hubris and dogmatic rigidity
duplicity
inauthenticity
unquestioning obedience
23
Q

Ethic of Care

A

emerged from the work of Carol Gilligan (1982), which in turn was responsive to Laurence Kohlberg (1981) work in moral development.

24
Q

Morality

A

Sense of what is right and what is wrong

25
Kohlberg Moral Development Stages
1) Pre conventional: most primitive stage, moral decision making is based on fear of punishment and is based on own desires 2) Conventional: moral decision is based on rules and to please others; obey society and environment 3) Post Conventional: moral decision is based on autonomy and independent thinking (independent use of reason)
26
Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg
Gilligan was troubled by the fact that girls tended to score differently than boys on the Kohlberg moral development scale. - Gilligan defended that girls approach moral problems differently: ethic of care
27
Ethic of Care
Care orientation that focuses on virtues such as kindness and concern for other than rules. Values independence, autonomy, sensitivity and concern for people's needs. Nursing: Ethics of care reinforces cliches about how gender influences roles and occupation segregation > Feminism
28
Feminist Ethics
Historical tendency of the nursing profession to be gendered. > Attentiveness to issues of difference > Attentiveness to issues of power dynamics > Attentiveness to issues of context & relatedness Society remains patriarchal
29
FE > Attentiveness to issues of difference
Discrimination on the basis of gender is still latent in society nowadays Gender makes a difference in the construction of roles and identities in society, in how individuals and groups are treated.
30
FE > Attentiveness to issues of power dynamics
Women, gay people, racial or ethnic minorities, people with disabilities and people who live near or in poverty are subject to prejudices of our culture-
31
FE > Attentiveness to issues of power dynamics
Local contextual factors are morally significant
32
FE > criticism
>Applicable only to situations of power imbalance, it does not apply to other moral dilemmas. >Political
33
Gender, feminism and Death
1) Higher incidence of women than men dying by MAiD 2) Different reasons for women to pursue MAiD 3) Different reasons for physicians to grant or refuse MAiD to women compared to men 4) Gender may affect broader public debate