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Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Pelvic symphysis

A

Seconday cartiliginous joint which ossifies with age. Begins at pubis & moves caudally.
Join the pubis and ischium.

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2
Q

Sacro-iliac joints

A

Combine synovial joint with adjacent fibrous union.

Allow firm joint with shock absorption.

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3
Q

Sacrotuberous ligament

A

Dog: stout cord which runs from transverse processes of S3&Cd1 to lateral angle of ischiatic tuberosity.
Point of attachment for biceps femoris m. & others
Cat: absent

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4
Q

Ball-&-socket joint

A

Hip joint.

Main movements are flexion & extension.

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5
Q

Ligament of femoral head

A

Thick band of collagenous tissue.
Extends from acetabular fossa to fovea capitis.
Prevents dislocation of hip joint.

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6
Q

Transverse acetabular ligament

A

Small band, extends from one side of acetabular notch to other.
Continues the acetabular lip

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7
Q

Acetabular lip

A

Deepens the acetabulum to keep femur head solidly in place

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8
Q

Ligaments of knee

A 
1&2. Cranial & caudal cruciate 
3. Meniscofemoral
4. Transverse 
5&6. Lateral & medial femoropatellar
7&8. Lateral & medial collateral
9. Patellar
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9
Q

Stifle

A

Knee joint.

Comprised of three bones: femur, tibia, & patella

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10
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Includes skull, hyoid apparatus, vertebrae, ribs, & sternum

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11
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of the limbs & their joints

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12
Q

How many bones of the vertebral column?

A

~ 50 irregular bone

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13
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column?

A

Aid in locomotion: link thoracic and pelvic limb & provide direction and support for locomotor system
Protect the spinal cord

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14
Q

What are the vertebral groups

A 
Cervical (C) (7)
Thoracic (T) (13)
Lumbar (L) (7)
Sacral (S) (3 - fused)
Caudal (Cd) (~20 - depends on breed)
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15
Q

Body of vertebrae

A

Cranial side = convex
Caudal side = concave
Intervertebral disks

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16
Q

Intervertebral disks

A

Fibrous joints between bodies
Comprised of: nucleus pulposus & anulus fibrosus
Function: absorb shock & allow movement

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17
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Two parts: pedicles (basal part) & laminae (dorsal part)

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18
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Vertebral arch + body

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19
Q

Vertebral canal

A

All vertebral foramina

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20
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

Small holes which pass the spinal nerve & blood vessels

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21
Q

Spinous processes

A

Located dorsally

The “spine”

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22
Q

Transverse processes

A

Projects laterally from area where arch joins body

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23
Q

Transverse foramen

A

Short canal that pass obliquely through transverse process.

Contain vertebral a. & v.

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24
Q

Articular processes

A

Articulates with ribs.
Two on each side of vertebra: cranial pair & caudal pair
Prevent lateral movement

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25
Atlas
C1 Transverse process form wings No spinous process Form atlanto-occipital joint: hinge joint ("yes")
26
Axis
C2 Elongated spinous process Form atlanto-axial joint: pivot joint ("no")
27
Thoracic vertebrae
T1-T9 have spinous process T12 & T13 have different shape Articulate with ribs
28
Lumbar vertebrae
Spinous process are blunt | Transverse process are prominent & directed cranially
29
Sacral vertebrae
Fused | Articulate with ilia
30
Sternum
Composed of 8 unpaired segments (sternebrae) | Joined by intersternbral cartilages
31
Manubrium
First sternebrae
32
Xiphoid process
Eighth sternebrae
33
Which ribs articulate with sternum?
``` True ribs (sternal ribs) Dogs/cats = ribs 1-9 (9 pairs) Horses = ribs 1-8 (8 pairs) ```
34
Which ribs form costal arch?
``` False ribs (asternal ribs) Dogs/cats = ribs 10-12 (3 pairs) Horse = ribs 9-18 (10 pairs) ```
35
Floating rib
``` No attachment (form of asternal ribs) Dogs/cats = rib 13 (1 pair) Horse = rib 19 (1 pair) ```
36
How are ribs numbered?
Based on thoracic vertebrae they articulate with
37
Supraspinous ligament
Ligament running along tips of spinous processes | T1-Cd3
38
Interspinous ligament
Ligament between spinous processes
39
Nuchal ligament
Strong band of connective tissue between spinous processes Relieves epaxial muscles Dog: C2-T1 Horse/ox: Extensive. Consists of funicular (from skull) and lamellar (from T2-3) parts
40
Epaxial muscles
Lie dorsal to transverse processes of T & L vertebrae. | Consist of Transversospinalis system, longissimus system, and iliocostalis system.
41
Hypaxial muscles
Located ventral to transverse processes Flexors Consist of neck, thorax, and abdominal wall muscles
42
Neck muscles
1. Longus capitis | 2. Longus colli
43
Thorax (thoracic wall)
1. Scalenus 2. Rectus thoracis 3. Serratus ventralis (cervicis & thoracis) 4. Serratus dorsalis (cranialis & caudalis) 5. External intercostals (run caudoventrally) 6. Internal intercostals (run cranioventrally)
44
Abdominal wall
1. External abdominal oblique (inguinal canal) 2. Internal abdominal oblique (caudal border fibers forms cremaster m. in male) 3. Transversus abdominis (fibers run transversely) 4. Rectus abdominis (in the umbilical region)
45
Prepubic tendon
Strong fibrous structure attached to cranial border of pubic bones
46
Inguinal canal
Passageway for abdominal structures out of abdomen. | Between deep and superficial inguinal rings
47
Transversospinalis system
1. splenius | 2. Semispinalis capitis (biventer cervicis, complexus)
48
Longissimus system
1. Thoracis et lumborum 2. Cervicis 3. Capitis
49
Iliocostalis system
1. Lumborum | 2. Thoracis
50
Muscles of inspiration
1. Sternocephalicus 2. Scalenus 3. Rectus thoracis 4. Serratus dorsalis (cranial) 5. External intercostals 6. Diaphragm
51
Muscles of expiration
1. External abdominal oblique 2. Internal abdominal oblique 3. Transversus abdominis 4. Serratus ventralis 5. Serratus dorsalis (caudal) 6. Internal intercostals 7. Rectus abdominis 8. Diaphragm
52
Cranial nerves
12 major pairs in head. Arise from brain and emerge through holes in skull
53
Peripheral nerves
Paired nerves from spinal cord that exit from vertebral column through spaces between vertebrae
54
Sensory nerves
Afferent nerves Carry info from periphery of body to spinal cord/brain Ex. olfactory nerve
55
Motor nerves
Efferent nerves Transmit impulses from brain/spinal cord to periphery Ex. Accessory nerve
56
Mixed nerves
Composed of both motor and sensory fibers | Ex. Spinal nerves
57
Structure of nerves
Basic unit: neuron | Components: cell body, dendrites, axon (myelin sheath), and nerve terminal
58
Spinal cord nerves
``` Leave spinal cord via intervertebral foramen behind each vertebrae. Depends on species Dog: Cervical (8) Thoracic (13) Lumbar (7) Sacral (3) Caudal (5) ```
59
Cervical spinal nerves
1. Accessory nerve: Cr 11 2. C2 3. C3 4. C4 5. C5
60
Intercostal arteries
Divide into ventral & dorsal branches. Combine where dorsal a. & v. pass ventrally to ventral a. & v. Run caudally of each rib
61
Ventral branches of intercostal arteries
Come from internal thoracic a. & v.
62
Dorsal branches of intercostal arteries
First 3: come from costocervical a. | Last 9: come from aorta
63
Deep vessels of thoracic wall
1. Subclavian a. 2. Internal thoracic a. 3. Musculophrenic a. 4. Cranial epigastric a. 5. Cranial superficial epigrastric a.
64
Mammary glands
Blood supply from internal thoracic a.: cranial & caudal thoracic Blood supply from cranial & caudal superficial epigastric a.: cranial & caudal abdominal and inguinal

Comparative Anatomy (9 decks)

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