Quiz 6 Flashcards
1
Q
Urinary bladder
A
Hollow, muscular, & distensible/elastic organ
Sits on pelvic floor
Collects urine from kidneys (<500ml at a time)
Micturition (peeing) occurs @ 200ml
2
Q
External urethral muscle
A
Striated
Surrounds urethra
Voluntary sphincter to retain urine
Innervated by pudendal nerve
3
Q
Anatomy of female reproductive system
A
Uterine horns Ovaries Uterus Cervix Vagina Vestibule Clitoris Vulva
4
Q
Cervix
A
Caudal portion of uterus
5
Q
Vagina
A
Located between cervix and vestibule
6
Q
Clitoris
A
Female homologue of penis, located in floor of vestibule near vulva
7
Q
Vulva
A
External part of female reproductive tract
Includes the two labia
8
Q
Anal sacs
A
Also called: sinus paranalis Pea-marble shaped Located between inner smooth & outer striated sphincter muscles Glands exist in walls Function: territorial scent marking
9
Q
Prostate gland
A
Accessory sex gland
Completely surrounds neck of bladder & beginning of urethra
Urethra runs through center of prostate gland
10
Q
urethra
A
Composed of: Pelvic part (within pelvis) Penile part (within penis)
11
Q
Urethral crest
A
Lumen area of the pelvic urethra where deferent ducts open into
12
Q
Glans
A
Bulbus glandis
Pars longa glandis
Os penis
Prepuce
13
Q
Bulbus glandis
A
Surrounds proximal end of os penis
Corpus spongiosum tissue
Highly vascularized tissue
Swells upon thrusting (creates “coital tie” during copulation)
14
Q
Pars longa glandis
A
Overlaps the distal half of bulbus glandis to the end
Partially encircles os penis & urethra
Separated from bulbus glandis by connective tissue
15
Q
Os penis
A
Ventral groove, passage of urethra
Lies within the glans
Bone ends as pointed fibrocartilage, dorsal to urethral opening (protection)
16
Q
Prepuce
A
Tubular sheath (fold of skin) reflected over glans Has fornix of prepuce
17
Q
Fornix of prepuce
A
Internal layer reflected onto the glans
18
Q
Innervation of penis
A
Sympathetic: hypogastric n.
Parasympathetic: pelvic n.
Sensory: pudendal n. (branch of sacral plexus)
19
Q
Penis
A
Contains:
Root
Body
Glans
20
Q
Root of penis
A
Formed by l. & r. crura originating at ischiatic tuberosities Composed of corpus cavernous tissue Ends at body of penis Muscles: Ichiocavernosus m. (skeletal) Retractor penis m. (smooth & striated) Bulbospongiosus m. (skeletal)
21
Q
Corpus cavernous tissue
A
Supplied by deep a. of penis
Surrounded by tunica albuginea
22
Q
Body of penis
A
Extends from root to glans (caudal to prepuce)
Corpus cavernosum tissue
Median septum separates l. & r. crus
Ventral groove contains corpus spongiosum tissue surrounding urethra
Flexible region
23
Q
Arteries of pelvic limb
A
Lateral circumflex femoral a. Deep femoral a. Caudal femoral a. Caudal gluteal a. Cranial tibial a. Popliteal a. Distal caudal femoral a.
24
Q
Lateral circumflex femoral a.
A
Innervate: cranial thigh muscles (extension of stifle: quadriceps femoris)
Nerve supply: femoral n.
25
Deep femoral & caudal femoral a.
Innervate: medial thigh muscles (adductors of pelvic limb: gracilis)
Nerve supply: obturator n.
26
Deep femoral, caudal femoral, & caudal gluteal a.
Innervate: Caudal thigh muscles (flexors & extensors of stifle/extensors of hip: biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
Nerve supply: sciatic n.
27
Cranial tibial a.
Innervate: cranial muscles of crus (Flexors of tarsus: cranial tibial, fibularis longus; Extensor of digits: long digital extensor)
Nerve supply: common fibular n.
Located between cranial tibial and long digital extensor mm.
28
Popliteal & distal caudal femoral a.
Innervate: caudal muscles of crus (rotator of stifle: popliteus; extensor of tarsus: gastrocnemius; flexors of digits: superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexors
Nerve supply: tibial n.
29
Arteries of pelvic limb
External iliac a. -> deep femoral a. -> pudendoepigastric trunk (caudal epigastric a. & external pudendal a.) & medial circumflex femoral a.
Femoral a. -> superficial circumflex a., lateral circumflex femoral a., proximal caudal femoral a., saphenous a., descending genicular a., middle caudal femoral a., & distal caudal femoral a.
Popliteal a.
Cranial tibial a.
30
Nerves of pelvic limb
Lumbosacral plexus:
Obturator n.
Femoral n. -> saphenous n .
Pudendal n. -> caudal rectal n., perineal n., & dorsal n. of penis
Caudal cutaneous femoral n.
Lumbosacral trunk: caudal gluteal n., cranial gluteal n., & sciatic n.
Sciatic n. -> common fibular n. & tibial n.
31
Dorsal/lateral surfaces of skull
```
Bones: frontal & parietal bones (paired)
External occipital protuberance
Nuchal crest
Temporal fossa
Temporal bone
```
32
External occipital protuberance
Also called: sagittal crest of skull
| Sagittal crest & temporal lines joining
33
Nuchal crest
Transition between dorsal & caudal surface of skull
34
Temporal fossa
Bounded:
Medially by sagittal crest
Caudally by nuchal crest
Ventrally by zygomatic process/temporal bone
35
Temporal bone
```
Zygomatic process of temporal bone (caudal to arch)
Composed of:
Squamous
Tympanic
Petrous
```
36
Mesaticephalic skull type
Average conformation
| Ex. beagle, labrador
37
Dolichocephalic skull type
Larger/longer facial component
| Ex. collie
38
Brachycephalic skull type
Shorter facial component
| Ex. boston terrier
39
Facial bones
```
Frontal
Nasal
Maxilla
Incisive
Orbit
Orbital margin
Zygomatic arch
Pterygopalatine fossa
Fossa for lacrimal sac
Infraorbital foramen
```
40
Nasal
Two bones meet at midline
Bounded by incisive & nasal bones
Brachycephalic breeds = round
Dolichocephalic breeds = oval
41
Maxilla
Contains upper cheek, teeth, & canine
42
Incisive
Contains 3 upper incisor teeth
| Articulates with maxilla & nasal bones
43
Orbit
```
Cavity where eye is located
3 openings:
Optic canal (optic n.)
Orbital fissure (oculomotor n., trochlear n., abducent n., ophtalmic n.)
Rostral alar foramen (maxillary a. & n.)
```
44
Orbital margin
Formed by frontal, lacrimal, & zygomatic bones
45
Zygomatic arch
Formed by maxilla, zygomatic bone, & zygomatic process of temporal bone
The arch forms the cheek bone
Arch is origin of masseter m.
46
Pterygopalatine fossa
```
Ventral to orbit
Pterygoid m. arises from this fossa
Caudal palatine foramen
Sphenopalatine foramen
Maxillary foramen
```
47
Fossa for lacrimal sac
Continued by nasolacrimal canal for the nasolacrimal duct
48
Infraorbital foramen
Rostral opening of infraorbital canal
| Passageway for infraorbital a., v., & n.
49
Ventral surface of the skull
```
Bones: basioccipital b., tympanic b., petrosal part of temporal b., basiphenoid b., presphenoid b.
Paracondylar process
Mastoid process
Oval foramen
Tympano-occipital fissure
Mandibular fossa
```
50
Paracondylar process
Origin for digastricus m. (mastication)
51
Tympanic bone
```
Bulbous enlargement (tympanic bulla: encloses middle ear cavity)
Contains external acoustic meatus (on lateral side of tympanic bulla)
```
52
Mastoid process
Termination of mastoid parts of cleidocephalicus m. & sternocephalicus m.
53
Oval foramen
Exit of mandibular n.
54
Tympano-occipital fissure
Passage for glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory n., internal carotid a., internal jugular v., postganglionic axons from cranial cervical ganglion
55
Mandibular fossa
Temporomandibular joint (zygomatic process of temporal bone articulating with condyles of mandible)
56
Caudal surface of skull
```
Occipital bones:
Occipital condyles
Nuchal crest
External occipital protuberance
Foramen magnum
Mastoid foramen
```
57
Foramen magnum
Passageway of spinal cord which continue as brainstem
58
Mastoid foramen
Passage for meningeal a. & v.
59
Lower jaw
Articulates w/ mandibular fossa of zygomatic process of temporal bone
60
Lower/upper jaw
Join at symphisis
| Each are divided into body & ramus
61
Masseteric fossa
Insertion of masseter m.
62
Coronoid process
Dorsal half of ramus
| Medial side has depression for insertion of temporal m.
63
Mandibular foramen
Caudal opening of mandibular canal
Transmits inferior alveoli a. v., & n.
Opens at the 3 mental foramina (supply sensory innervation to lower lip & chin)
64
Condylar process
Helps form the temporomandibular joint
65
Mandibular notch
U-shaped depression between condylar process & coronoid process
66
Angular process
Hooked eminence ventral to condylar process, attachment of pterygoid m. medially & masseter laterally
67
Incisors
Upper: embedded in incisive bone (3)
Lower: embedded in mandible (3)
68
Canine
Upper: embedded in maxilla bone (1)
Lower: embedded in mandible (1)
69
Premolars
Upper: embedded in maxilla bone (4)
Lower: embedded in mandible (4)
Deciduous: 3 upper/3 lower
70
Molars
Upper: embedded in maxilla bone (2)
Lower: embedded in mandible (3)
Deciduous: none
71
Deciduous teeth
Baby teeth
| Erupt: between weeks 3-6
72
Permanent teeth
Adult teeth
| Erupt: between months 4-6
73
Horses teeth
Continue to grow enamel points
74
Cranial cavity
Contains brain, brain's covering, and blood vessels
75
Nasal cavity
Components:
Nasal aperture
Choanae
Conchae
76
Nasal aperture
Composed of 2 symmetrical halves separated by median nasal septum
77
Choanae
Caudal end of nasal septum where 2 nasal cavities open into nasopharynx
78
Conchae
Project into each half of nasal cavity
Act as baffles to warm & cleanse inspired air (w/ mucosa)
Contain olfactory neurons coursing to olfactory bulbs
Dorsal & ventral concha
Divided into 4 primary passages (meatuses):
Dorsal nasal meatus
Middle nasal meatus
Ventral nasal meatus
Common nasal meatus
79
Dorsal nasal meatus
Lies between nasal bone & dorsal nasal concha
80
Middle nasal meatus
Lies between the dorsal nasal concha & ventral concha
81
Ventral nasal meatus
Dorsal to hard palate
82
Common nasal meatus
Formed on each side of nasal septum
83
Platysma
From dorsal median raphe of neck to angle of mouth radiating into orbicularis oris
84
Orbicularis oris
Near free borders of lips (moves around angle of mouth)
| Acts to shape & control size of mouth opening
85
Buccinator m.
Thin, wide, muscle
Foundation of cheek
Adjacent to buccal mucosa & deep to orbicularis oris
Function: returns food from vestibule to occlusal surface of teeth
86
Levator nasolabialis m.
Flat muscle
Arises from maxillary bone & attaches to edge of upper lip of external naris
Function: dilates nostrils & raises upper lip
87
Palpebrae
Eyelids
Both upper & lower border palpebral fissure
Join at end of fissure to form medial & lateral palpebral commisure
Each commisure is attached to ligaments (medial & lateral palpebral ligaments)
Upper eyelid bears cilia
Inner surface: covered by mucous membrane; palpebral conjunctiva
88
Lacrimal gland
Ventral to zygomatic process of frontal bone
Secretes into conjunctival sac
Lacrimal flow: serous fluid
89
Plica semilunaris
3rd eyelids (Also called: nictitating membrane)
Concave fold of palpebral conjunctiva & cartilage that moves horizontally across eyeball
Lubricates the cornea
90
Muscles of eyelid
Orbicularis oculi m.
Retractor anguli oculi lateralis m.
Levator palpebrae superiosis m.
91
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Attached to medial palpebral ligament
| Action: closes eyelids
92
Retractor anguli oculi lateralis muscle
Action: close palpebral fissure
93
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Action: elevates upper lid,
| Innervated by oculomotor n.
94
Lacrimal flow
Passes across cornea -> collects in puncta -> passes through lacrimal duct of each lid -> to lacrimal sac -> to nasolacrimal duct -> to nasal meatus of nasal cavity where evaporation takes place
95
Vestibule (head)
Cavity lying outside teeth & gums and inside lip & cheeks
Contains parotid duct
Contains ducts of zygomatic gland
96
Parotid duct
Opens through cheek on a small papilla located opposite caudal end of upper shearing tooth
97
Ducts of zygomatic gland
Open into vestibule lateral to last upper molar tooth
98
Oral cavity proper
Bounded:
Dorsally by hard palate & part of soft palate
Laterally & rostrally by dental arches
Ventrally by tongue
99
Tongue
```
Muscular organ
Attached to floor of oral cavity by lingual frenulum (ventral median fold of mucosa)
Five types of papillae:
Filiform: smallest & most numerous
Conical: mechanical & tactile rather than gustatory in fxn
Fungiform: salt taste bud
Foliate: bitter taste bud
Vallate: sweet taste bud
```
100
Salivary ducts
Mandibular duct
Major sublingual duct
Parotid duct
Zygomatic duct
101
Salivary glands
Parasympathetic innervation: cranial n. (facial & glossopharyngeal. n.)
Sympathetic innervation: preganglionic n.
Mandibular: mixture of serous, mucous
Sublingual: mainly mucous
Parotid: mainly serous (50%)
Zygomatic: mainly mucous
102
Hard palate
Crossed by 8 transverse ridges
Incisive papilla (caudal to central incisor tooth): opening to incisive duct
Vomeronasal organ
Tubular structure: found at base of nasal septum, dorsal to hard palate. olfactory receptor of sexual stimuli
103
Soft palate
Soft tissue at back of roof of mouth
| Responsible for closing of nasal passages when swallowing
104
Flehmen response
Curling of lips that facilitates transfer of odorant chemicals into vomeronasal organ
Determines presence of estrus
105
Pharynx
```
Passageway common to both respiratory & digestive systems
Contains:
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Laryngopharynx
```
106
Oropharynx
Extends from caudal border of soft palate & base of epiglottis at caudal end of root of tongue
Contains palatine tonsil
107
Palatine tonsil
Fossa where tonsil is located & covered by semilunar fold
108
Nasopharynx
Extends from choanae to junction of palatopharyngeal arch at caudal border of soft palate
Contains auditory tube
109
Auditory tube
Muscle assisted
Ciliated tube located dorsal to middle soft palate
Oblique, slitlike opening draining excess mucus of tympanic bulla
110
Laryngopharynx
Extends from palatopharyngeal arch to beginning of esophagus
111
Larynx
Contains:
Epiglottic cartilage
Vocal process
Glottis
112
Epiglottic cartilage
Lies at entrance of larynx
113
Glottis
Consists of vocal folds & processes
114
Temporalis muscle
Arises: from temporal fossa
Inserts: on coronoid process of mandible
Action: closes jaw
Innervation: from mandibular & trigeminal nn.
115
Masseter muscle
```
Covered by strong aponeurosis
Arises: from zygomatic arch
Inserts: in masseteric fossa
Action: close the jaw
Innervation: from mandibular & trigeminal nn.
```
116
Medial & lateral pterygoid muscle
Arises: from pterygopalatine fossa
Inserts: on medial surface & caudal margin of ramus of mandible & angular process
Action: close the jaw & sideway motion of jaw
Innervation: from mandibular & trigeminal nn.
117
Digastricus muscle
Tendinous intersection crosses belly and divides it into rostral & caudal parts
Arises: from paracondylar process of occipital bone
Action: open the jaw
Inserts: on body of mandible
Innervation: rostral belly - from mandibular n.; caudal belly - facial n.
118
Styloglossus muscle
Arises: from stylohyoid bone
Inserts: in middle of tongue
Action: retracts & elevates the tongue
Innervation: hypoglossal n.
119
Hyoglossus muscle
Lies medial to styloglossus m.
Arises: from thyrohyoid & basihyoid bones
Action: retracts & depresses tongue
Innervation: hypoglossal n.
120
Genioglossus muscle
Lies partly in frenulum
Arises: from symphysis & adjacent surface of body of mandible
Action: caudal fibers - protrude (stick out) the tongue; rostral fibers - retract the apex
Innervation: hypoglossal n.
121
Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball
```
Dorsal oblique m.
Ventral oblique m.
Dorsal rectus m.
Ventral rectus m.
Medial rectus m.
Lateral rectus m.
Retractor bubli m.
```
122
Trochlea
Pulley structure in eye through which the dorsal oblique muscle passes
123
Dorsal oblique muscle
Action: pulls (rotates) eye downward & medially
Nerve: trochlear (IV)
124
Ventral oblique muscle
Action: pulls (rotates) eye upward & laterally
Nerve: oculomotor (III)
125
Dorsal rectus muscle
Action: moves eye upward
Nerve: oculomotor (III)
126
Ventral rectus muscle
Action: moves eye downward
Nerve: oculomotor (III)
127
Medial rectus muscle
Action: adduction (toward nose)
Nerve: oculomotor (III)
128
Lateral rectus muscle
Action: abduction (away from nose)
Nerve: abducent (III)
129
Retractor bulbi muscle
Action: keeps eye in orbit
Nerve: abducent (VI)
