Quiz 3.6

Question 1

2 things that define gait cycle

Answer 1

Heel contact (initiates stance)
Toe contact (terminate stance)

Question 2

“On phase”

Answer 2

Stance (60% of gait)
Foot is in contact with the floor

Question 3

“off phase”

Answer 3

Swing (40% of gait)
Foot is not in contact with floor

Question 4

3 subdivisions of stance

Answer 4

Initial double limb stance, heel contact
Single limb support
Terminal double limb stance, toe off

Question 5

Stride

Answer 5

One full gait cycle (2 steps)
Defined by movement of one limb
Left IC to Left IC
Be able to draw on exam

Question 6

Step

Answer 6

2 steps per gait cycle
Reflects timing between 2 limbs
Left IC to right IC
Back heal of one foot to back heal of another
Be able to draw on exam

Question 7

8 phases of gait

Answer 7

Initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre swing, initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing
RECREATE the table

Question 8

Reference vs reciprocal limbs

Answer 8

Reference limb is often the dominant and the reciprocal is the other to help keep analysis straight forward

Question 9

Muscle activation during gait

Answer 9

Muscles in each leg are activated opposite of each other and the muscles within one leg alternate activation

Question 10

Locomotor functions (each weight-bearing limb)

Answer 10

Upright stability (stance stability)
Progression (propulsion)
Shock absorption
Energy conservation

Question 11

Upright stability

Answer 11

Passive: CoM of passenger unit aligned directly over the center of supporting joint
CoM alignment is always changing during gait, follows a slight bouncing ball pattern

Question 12

Progression

Answer 12

Step initiation: transition from standing to walking
Foot rockers (4): pivot system to advance weight (Heel -> ankle -> forefoot -> toe)
Forward fall of body weight
Propulsive forces via gasstroc and soleus

Question 13

Shock Absorption

Answer 13

At IC, small ankle PF and eversion before DF muscles are activated for stability
During LR, as tibia rolls forward, produce knee flexion (HAMS), and quads decelerate knee flexion and absorb some loading force (Larges mechanism)
Unload trail limb: pelvic drop on same side, activation of lead limb hip abductors to absorb impact

Question 14

Energy conservation

Answer 14

Modulate CoG alignment (lateral and vertical displacement)
Minimize magnitude and abruptness of directional changes

Question 15

5 functional categories of pathology

Answer 15

Deformity (born w/o)
Muscle weakness (age and injury)
Sensory loss (disease)
Pain (limp)
Motor control (CNS and PNS problems)

Question 16

Gait deviations

Answer 16

Presence of atypical movements/characteristics during walking

Question 17

4 primary categories of gait deviation

Answer 17

Floor contact (IC not heel)
Ankle deviations
Sub-talar joint deviation
Toe deviations

Question 18

2 categories of knee deviation

Answer 18

Sagittal plane (excessive or limited flexion)
Frontal plane
Valgus and varus

Question 19

Hip deviations

Answer 19

Attributed to thigh or pelvis changes resulting altered trunk
Occur in all 3 planes

Question 20

Observational analysis of gait

Answer 20

Observe one joint, one limb at a time
Observe from multiple planes/angles
Observe at joint level

Question 21

Pattern recognition

Answer 21

Increases your speed, connect your exam and eval, improves prognosis and treatment selection