Quiz 4 Flashcards
(24 cards)
DKA
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Define Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A dangerous hyperglycemia and blood acidosis episode due to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
What is the importance of Insuline?
It is the key that allows Glucose to enter the cell.
Diabetes Type 1
Patient does not make their own insuline
Diabetes Type 2
Patient is losing insulin receptors and/or are insulin resistant.
If the cells are not getting adequate glucose
The body will utilize fat stores and convert the fat into ketones to use as energy
As the levels of ketones increase in the bloodstream, the pH of the blood will _______.
Becoming more ____.
decrease
acidic
Symptoms of DKA
PU/PD nausea, vomiting, sweet/fruity breath, anorexia, neurological signs.
Cats will often walk on their hock.
Clinical signs of DKA
High serum glucose (diabetes)
Glucose in urine (spillover)
Ketones in urine and/or serum (ketosis)
Low blood pH (acidosis)
DKA Testing
In-house tests
serial blood glucose monitoring
CBC/chemistry/electrolytes- to assess renal, hepatic and electrolyte levels (often very low in potassium)
Urinalysis- glucose (spillover), ketones and check for signs of infection
DKA Initial Treatment
fluid therapy to replenish lost fluids and electrolytes
insulin therapy CRI
Potassium CRI (crisis dependent)
Dextrose therapy
Check blood pressure, and body temperature
Hypokalemia definition
Low potassium
Most important thing to do after DKA crisis has been managed.
Client education to prevent it from happening again.
Definition of Addison’s disease
A deficiency in the production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, or both by the adrenal glands.
Addison’s disease is also called
hypoadrenocorticism
Addisonian Crisis
Most commonly seen in patients with undiagnosed hypoadrenocorticism
or a stressed out addisonian patient
Addisonian Crisis
Most commonly seen in patients with undiagnosed hypoadrenocorticism
or a stressed addisonian patient
Common life long medications for hypoadrenocorticism
prednisone and Florinef
Symptoms of Addisonian Crisis
vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, periodic weakness
Clinical signs of Addisonian Crisis
Dehydration, bradycardia, hypovolemic shock
Addisonian Crisis Treatment
Aggressive Fluid Therapy, must assess potassium level to determine what type of fluids to use.
Dextrose administration
Steroids- Dexamethasone SP injection, oral steroids after first day
Mineralocorticoids- DOCP injection
Antiemetics- maropitant (Cerenia), ondansetron (Zofran) metoclopramide (Reglan)
Blood test for Addison’s disease
ACTH stimulation test
timed test
pre sample, then administer a dose of cortrosyn and then get a post sample approximately an hour later
Ideally the patient will have fasted for at least 8 hours prior
Most common emergency situations encountered under anesthesia
Animal will not stay anesthetized
Animal is too deeply anesthetized
Inadequate perfusion
Cyanosis and dyspnea
Tachypnea
Cardiac arrhythmias
Respiratory arrest
Cardiac arrest
2 major factors in anesthetic complications
human error and equipment error
