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Animal Biological Systems > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many horse chromosomes

A

31

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2
Q

How many cattle chromosomes

A

29

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3
Q

How many dog chromosomes

A

28

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4
Q

How many chicken chromosomes

A

8

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5
Q

Variation of a gene

A

Allele

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6
Q

Dominant vs. recessive traits

A

Dominant trait doesn’t have to be the most common trait
Often many lethal traits are recessive
Simple traits are determined by one or a couple of genes

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7
Q

Mandibulofacial disease mutation

A

Recessive mutation of CYP26C1 in Hereford cattle

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8
Q

Mandibulofacial disease symptoms

A

Malformed, shortened jaw
Skin tags/beauty marks in face
Lowset/droopy ears

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9
Q

Mandibulofacial disease pathological description

A

Bilateral bone-wrapped meckel’s cartilage
Hypoplasia of mass ether and temporalis muscles

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10
Q

Mandibulofacial disease ties

A

Ties to founder
6 generations
40,000+ Herefords

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11
Q

Advancements in equine genetics

A

Many single-marker traits have been elucidated: color, disease

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12
Q

Equine genetics challenge

A

Most important traits are complex

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13
Q

Complex disease traits in equine genetics

A

Cribbing
Shivers
Cryptorchidism
Atrial fibrillation

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14
Q

Nearly ___% of associations between genome and a trait are in non-coding regions

A

90

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15
Q

How the genome is being regulated depends on

A

Sex
Age
Activity
Health status
Environment

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16
Q

FAANG stands for

A

Functional annotation of animal genomes

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17
Q

FAANG goal

A

Build a reference annotation of genome regulation in the horse

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18
Q

FAANG test subjects

A

Healthy, adult thoroughbreds

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19
Q

FAANG tissues studied

A

Liver
Lung
Skeletal muscle
Heart

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20
Q

Utility of FAANG data

A

Distichiasis in Friesian horses
Revealed an active enhancer

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21
Q

Dr. Peterson ongoing research

A

“roan” and sabino in Clydesdales and shires

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22
Q

Clydesdale name year

A

1826

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23
Q

Clydesdale horse society invented

A

1877

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24
Q

Clydesdales imported to North America in

A

1840’s

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25
Clydesdale hit population peak in
1920’s - at risk and endangered
26
Clydesdale 1st Budweiser hitch
1933
27
Clydesdales have low
Genetic diversity
28
Just because a population has inbred horses, doesn’t mean the
Diversity is low
29
Pedigree and genomic correlation
0.25 (low)
30
Clydesdale objective
Preserve the Scottish Clydesdale, maintain breed diversity overall
31
What is behind the phenotypic variation?
DNA sequence difference
32
DNA sequence difference
Protein structural difference P=G+E Gene expression difference
33
Types of genetic variation
Single nucleotide polymorphisms ~90% Variable number tandem repeats Insertions and deletions Copy number variation Gene duplication
34
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
Mostly bi-allelic —> synonymous and non-synonymous
35
History of whole genome sequencing 1869
Miescher discover DNA
36
History of whole genome sequencing 2008
Next gen sequencing: 454 pyrosequencing, solexa, soLiD “Great year”
37
History of whole genome sequencing 2023
Hope to see nextgen sequencing that is less expensive
38
How many base pairs are in a human genome
3 billion
39
How much did it cost to first sequence humans?
$3 billion
40
1st human gene sequenced
Dr.James Watson
41
What makes us unique
DNA sequence variation
42
High-throughput next-generation sequencing Generates from 80-6,000 Gb
Novaseq600
43
Only portable, real-time device for DNA and RNA sequencing Expensive Volume:30 Gb
MinION
44
Implementation of genomics to save newborn lives
Novel mutations Rapid genome sequencing saves critically ill newborn-> 2 month old boy in kansas
45
Is livestock genomics behind compared to human genomics?
No
46
Dr.Ciobanu research aim
Understand genetic basis of phenotypic differences
47
Advantages of using genomic information in selecting programs
Reduce generation interval Perform selection for traits limited by sex Perform selection when phenotypic records are not available Reduce costs associated with testing Increase accuracy of traditional breeding value estimates
48
First molecular application
Porcine stress syndrome
49
Porcine stress syndrome
Stressed pigs collapse and die = recessive homozygous for stress allele
50
First molecular genetics tool used in animal breeding
Halothane gene
51
Genetic markers are _____ ______ to causal variants
Closely linked
52
Halothane gene is a
Causal variant
53
Genome sequencing order of domestic species
Chicken (2004) Dog (2005) Cat (2007) Cattle (2009) Horse (2009) Swine (2010)
54
Simultaneous analysis of the structure and function of ver large number of genes
Genomics
55
Genomics available technology
Genotyping Gene expressing DNA and RNA sequencing
56
Genome sequencing future
More functional DNA variants discovered More gene editing
57
Shortest virus known to affect mammalian cell Very resistant 5-15% of pigs infected show signs of disease Affects host immune response
PCV2
58
Annotation of the Chr12QTL region
1. Gene/peptide prediction models 2. RNA sequencing
59
What explained the largest proportion of PCV2
Polymorphisms in SYNGR2 and BIRC5
60
Genomic information and genetic selection objective
Perform selection based on genetic information
61
Most economically important viral disease in swine Binds to CD169
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Animal Biological Systems (5 decks)

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