Quiz 5

Question 1

Definition of reproduction

Answer 1

The action or process of making a copy of something

Question 2

Sexual interaction of gametes which produces an offspring organism with genetic characteristics derived from two parental gametes

Answer 2

Mammalian reproduction

Question 3

Reproduction is inherently complex: interactions between —> determine the success of reproduction

Answer 3

Reproductive tract
Hormones
Nutrition
Genetics
Environment

Question 4

HPG axis

Answer 4

Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
LH, FSH
Gonads
Sex hormones

Question 5

Regulation of gametogenesis by hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Answer 5

GnRH
LH
FSH

Question 6

Steroids made by the gonad form a

Answer 6

Negative feedback loop with the hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Question 7

Pituitary hormones also stimulate growth and differentiation of gametes

Answer 7

Spermatogenesis
Folliculogenesis

Question 8

Follicular phase:

Answer 8

The female gamete develops surrounded by supporting somatic cells which produce steroid hormones under the direction of gonadotropins

Question 9

Luteal phase:

Answer 9

After ovulation, the somatic cells differentiate into luteal cells which make progesterone

Question 10

GnRH is released from

Answer 10

Neurons which are stimulated by other neurons

Question 11

In the female hypothalamus _________ determines tonic vs. surge release of GnRH

Answer 11

Kisspeptin

Question 12

Pulses of GnRH cause pulsatile release of

Answer 12

FSH and LH

Question 13

LH and FSH regulate

Answer 13

Steroid hormone synthesis

Question 14

Steroid hormone synthesis exerts

Answer 14

Feedback regulation of GnRH

Question 15

During the follicular phase, FSH stimulates

Answer 15

Follicle growth which leads to increased E2 synthesis

Question 16

Upon reaching threshold concentration,

Answer 16

E2 stimulates GnRH surge

Question 17

The LH surge causes

Answer 17

Rupture of dominant follicle
Release of oocyte and granulosa cells

Question 18

The remaining granulosa cells and Theca cells undergo differentiation into luteal cells to form a

Answer 18

Corpus luteum

Question 19

On the luteal cell, LH binds the _____ and stimulates _____ _________

Answer 19

LH-R
cAMP production

Question 20

cAMP alters the

Answer 20

Activity of enzymes that internalize cholesterol into the cell and promote its metabolism to the steroid progesterone

Question 21

_____ is the main factor initiating luteolysis

Answer 21

PGF2alpha

Question 22

PGF2alpha induces ___ ______ and increases

Answer 22

Cell death
Metabolism of P4

Question 23

_____ is also initiated by immune cells that invade CL and activate the apoptotic pathway

Answer 23

Apoptosis

Question 24

The corpus luteum is not responsive to PGF2alpha for __ to __ days after luteal cells form

Answer 24

7 to 10

Question 25

PGF2alpha is initially made in the

Answer 25

Uterus due to increased oxytocin receptor expression

Question 26

Oxytocin is synthesized in the

Answer 26

Hypothalamus

Question 27

Oxytocin is secreted from the

Answer 27

Posterior pituitary

Question 28

Progesterone (P4) is synthesized and secreted from the

Answer 28

Luteal cells

Question 29

Progesterone inhibits

Answer 29

GnRH, FSH, and LH release from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary Uterine myometrium contractility

Question 30

Progesterone stimulates

Answer 30

Uterine glandular secretions

Question 31

Progesterone induces

Answer 31

Mammary gland differentiation

Question 32

Luteolysis is inhibited by

Answer 32

Species-specific mechanisms upon establishment of pregnancy

Question 33

Women pregnancy recognition factor

Answer 33

hCG

Question 34

Species with no pregnancy recognition factor needed

Answer 34

Bitch, Queen

Question 35

Myometrium contractions cause the fetus to

Answer 35

Descend upon the cervix

Question 36

Neural signals from the myometrium travel to the

Answer 36

Hypothalamus - increase oxytocin secretion

Question 37

Oxytocin increased

Answer 37

Myometrium contractility

Question 38

Parturition result

Answer 38

Positive feedback loop until fetus and placenta are expelled

Question 39

Puerperium is the

Answer 39

Period after parturition when the reproductive tract returns to its non pregnant condition in preparation for a a subsequent conception

Question 40

Four major events during puerperium

Answer 40

Myometrial contractions Endometrial repair Resumption of ovarian cyclicity Elimination of bacterial contamination of the reproductive tract

Question 41

Post-partum reproductive tract is an ideal environment for

Answer 41

Bacteria l

Question 42

Lochia

Answer 42

Uterine fluid after parturition

Question 43

Causes of infection

Answer 43

Retained fetal membranes Dystocia and delay in lochia expulsion

Question 44

Complications of infection

Answer 44

Prolonged uterine involution Prolonged puerperium Delay in estrous cycle resumption Delay of subsequent pregnancies

Question 45

MGA and CIDRs are often used to

Answer 45

Synchronize heifers

Question 46

POMC increaes the

Answer 46

ARC kisspeptin neuron activity

Question 47

What inhibits ARC kisspeptin neuron activity

Answer 47

NPY-AgRP

Question 48

Godzilla reproduces

Answer 48

Asexually

Question 49

Why is it important to keep the CL for establishment of pregnancy?

Answer 49

Preventing contractions of uterus CL produces progesterone which supports pregnancy - establishes endometrium for pregnancy

Question 50

What factor normally causes CL regression in cows, sows, ewes and women? Where does this factor come from?

Answer 50

PGF2alpha Comes from uterus - oxytocin tells uterus to make PGF2alpha

Question 51

What factor prevents CL regression in the cow and ewe? Sow? Woman?

Answer 51

Cow/ewe - no oxytocin receptor —> PGF2alpha can’t be accepted and CL progresses Sow - estrogen in uterus Woman - hCG

Question 52

What does a human pregnancy test measure? Why does this indicate that she is pregnant or not pregnant?

Answer 52

Measures hCG Increased hCG means pregnant

Question 53

Can you use this test to determine if another animal is pregnant? Why or why not? Do you think this would be an accurate test to determine if Godzilla had reproduced? Why or why not?

Answer 53

Can’t use this test for another animal, h=human and animals don’t have hCG Not accurate for Godzilla because Godzilla lays eggs, no hormone

Question 54

Why is there NO maternal recognition of pregnancy factor produced by the dog or cat?

Answer 54

Cats are copulative Dogs have long cycles

Question 55

Do you think Godzilla makes a maternal recognition of pregnancy factor? Does Godzilla make a CL? Is P4 production important for establishment of pregnancy in this radioactive lizard?

Answer 55

No

Question 56

Do you think scientist Nick is interpreting the results of Godzilla’s pregnancy test correctly?

Answer 56

No

Question 57

How does insulin affect the estrous cycle?

Answer 57

Stimulates POMC which stimulates kisspeptin which stimulates GnRH

Question 58

How does lepton affect estrous cycle?

Answer 58

Too much/not enough throw off cycle

Question 59

High energy use by normal body can

Answer 59

Reduce cyclicity