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A study in mycology > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the ecology and evolution of ectomycorrhizal fungi. How does this relationship benefit plants? Benefit the fungus?

A
  • they form mutualistic relationships w plants
  • evolution- coincided w land plant evolution- 85% of extant plants have mycorrhizal associations
  • ectomycorrhizal fungi include asco and basidiomycota
  • allow plants to forage diverse forms of organic nutrients (litter recycling)
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2
Q

Describe and diagram the three major structures of ectomycorrhizal fungi.

A
  • hyphal sheath- hyphal mat that forms around host roots
  • hartig net- mycelium surrounding host cells
  • fruiting body/extraradical mycelium- hyphae that extend out of the soil
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3
Q

major families of “agaricales”

A

amanita
agaricaceae
coprinaceae
cortinareaceae
entolomataceae
plutaceae
hygrophoraceae
strophariaceae
tricholomataceae

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4
Q

amanita

A

Part of the agaricales
HEMIANGIOCARPUS DEVELOPMENT- unique to them
- mostly ectomycorrhizal (fungus gets nutrients from plant host, host gets improved protection and absorption of P, N, and H2O absorption)
- annulus and/or volva present
- white spores
- white gills
- free/UNattached gills

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5
Q

agaricaceae

A
  • saprophytes
  • gills usually close and free
  • pale when young and dark when old
  • stipe fleshy and cleanly separable from cap
  • veil
  • brown spore print
  • smooth spores
    eg: genus agaricus containing portobellos, criminis
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6
Q

coprinaceae

A

“inky cap” mushrooms
turn into black goo after picked
Poisonous if consumed with alcohol
Coprine: liver toxin- aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, can lead to alcohol poisoning

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7
Q

cortinareaceae

A

common ectomycorrhizal fungi
often colorful fruiting bodies
brown spore print
webby partial veil
gills usually attached
no volva

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8
Q

plutaceae

A

saprophytic
pink spore print
often have ornate structures called cystidia

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9
Q

hygrophoraceae

A

waxy caps, thick waxy gills
bright red, orange, yellow
white spores
usually attached gills

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10
Q

strophariaceae

A

brown or purple spores
attached gills
saprophytic
often lignicolous (growing on wood)
often caespitose (come together at a common base)
include magic mushrooms

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11
Q

entolomataceae

A

gills usually attached
no annulus/volva
pink spore print
spores angular/ridged
saprobic on soil/wood

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12
Q

tricholomataceae

A

white spores, white gills, attached (often run down stipe)
matsutake, mycena, jack-o-lantern

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13
Q

Describe the mutualism between Attine Ants and fungi. Be able to name the major players, and explain what differentiates the fungi involved from other members of the Agaricaceae.

A
  • ants cultivate fungi
  • leaf cutter ants in NW tropics, into SE USA
  • ants use leaves to feed fungus gardens
  • groom and weed fungi
  • gongylidia (termite gardens) and bromatia (ant gardens)
  • co-evolved, so fungus can no longer produce mushrooms
  • L gonglyophorus
  • mutualism includes a protective bacterium on ant exoskeleton
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14
Q

What is coprine? What genera produce coprine, and what family are they in? Explain the molecular biology behind the toxicity of coprine.

A

Coprinaceae family
genus eg: Coprinus
“inky cap” mushrooms
Poisonous if consumed with alcohol
Coprine: liver toxin- aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, can lead to alcohol poisoning

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15
Q

Which two “Agaricales” families produce pink spores? How would you distinguish between them?

A

Plutaceae- often have ornate structures called cystidia
Entolomataceae
gills usually attached
no annulus/volva
spores angular/ridged
saprobic on soil/wood

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16
Q

Strophariaceae

A
  • saprophytes
  • purple/brown spores
  • attached gills
    often:
    • lignicolous (growing on wood)
    • caespitose (come together at a common base)
17
Q

Strophariaceae genera & characteristics

A
  • stropharia: purple spores, grows on mulch in late summer
  • galerina: LBMs on wood, poisonous
  • gymnopilus: hallucinogenic
  • psilocybe: hallucinogenic
18
Q

Which genus and family is known for containing the Humongous Fungus. Where is this fungus found, and how do we know it is so large?

A

tricholomataceae
Armillaria genus
at least 5 individuals exist in Oregon

19
Q

Compare Genet vs Ramet.

A

genet- clone
ramet- separate establishment of a genet

20
Q

Compare and contrast Russulaceae and Boletaceae with the other “Agaricales” both morphologically, and phylogenetically.

A

Boletes- fleshy pored mushroom- basidiospores are dark and elliptical to cigar-shaped
Russulaceae- stout mushrooms, chalky stipe, ornamented basidiospores, spaerocysts in gill trama, ectomycorrhizal

21
Q

Compare and contrast the major groups within the “Aphyllophorales”.

A
  • polypores- tough, papery, or woody- shelf-shaped
  • tooth fungi
  • clubs + corals (entire fruiting body is the hymenophore)
  • resupinate- flat, usually on wood
22
Q

Describe the mitic system, and name the morphological group this is most commonly associated with.

A

in polypores
1. monomitic- 1 type of hyphae (generative)
2. dimitic- 2 types (generative + skeletal)
skeletal- straight, thick walls
3. trimitic- 3 types (generative, skeletal, binding)
binding- thick-walled, branched

23
Q

Compare and contrast White Rot and Brown Rot decayers.

A

white: large-scale digestion of cellulose, hemicellulose + lignin- bleached, stringy, light wood
brown: less complete digestion of lignin

24
Q

name genera of polypores

A

polyporus
phellinus
laetiporous
ganodermus
grifolus

25
Q

Ganoderma

A
  • Genus of polypore
  • trimitic
  • distinctive spores
26
Q

Phellinus

A
  • genus of polypore
  • trimitic
  • woody
27
Q

Polyporus

A
  • genus of polypore
  • monomitic
28
Q

Grifola

A
  • genus of polypore
  • monomitic
  • edible
    • eg: maitake
29
Q

Laetiporous

A
  • genus of polypore
  • large orange stacked shelves
    • eg: chicken of the woods
30
Q

List the two major genera of gilled mushrooms found in the “Aphyllophorales”.

A

paxillus- gilled bolete
lentinus- shiitake

31
Q

Distinguish between Chanterelles and other fleshy mushrooms

A

gill-like folds “not gills”
stichic basidium- elongated sterigmata, meiosis occurs parallel to basidium

32
Q

What are the major genera of Chanterelles?

A

genera: cantharellus, craterellus

33
Q

Illustrate and describe spore discharge in the “Hymenomycetes”.

A

buller’s drop
- allow water to cover ballistospores, sugar secretion allows water to form into droplets on spores, buller’s drop forms separately and when they both get big enough they combine and create enough energy for the spore to forcefully leave the fungus

A study in mycology (14 decks)

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