Quiz 4

Question 1

Church-state relations have a complicated history in the
U.S. that relates to education due to the possibility of
public funds for private education, as many privately
educated students attend religious schools True/False.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What is educational choice?

Answer 2

Allowing parents to consider how to
best educate their children.

Question 3

What arguments are there for the use of public funds for nonpublic schools?

Answer 3

A child’s parents should be able to choose among different
publicly funded educational options.

Student needs can be more adequately met if a variety of
options are available.

Not providing public funds for nonpublic schools is
discriminatory.

Failing nonpublic schools increase the burdens on public
schools.

There is some constitutional support for public funding of
nonpublic schools.

Question 4

What are the arguments against using public funds for nonpublic schools?

Answer 4

Separate and separately funded public and private schools
maintain separation of church and state.

The Constitution does not support public funding of
nonpublic schools.

Nonpublic schools lack accountability.

Legal safeguards preventing discrimination are unclear in
the private school environment.

Utilizing public funds for nonpublic schools will funnel
desperately needed funding away from the public school
system.

Question 5

Educational Choice Options

Answer 5

There are many potential options under the educational choice
umbrella; supporters of some are not necessarily supporters of
others.

Open Enrollment: Allows students to choose a public school.

Magnet Schools: Public schools specializing in a certain
curricular area.

Dual/Concurrent Enrollment: Secondary students can enroll in
postsecondary courses and apply the credits at the secondary
institution, postsecondary institution or both.

Tax Credits: Allows a tax credit to offset some expenses
incurred as a result of sending a child to private school.

Question 6

Charter schools are public schools that function outside
the district system. True/False

Answer 6

True

Question 7

State requirements for charter holders are markedly
different; charter schools typically operate via contract
between the school and its authorizing agency. True/False

Answer 7

True

Question 8

How many states authorize charter schools?

Answer 8

40

Question 9

Charter schools must be non-discriminatory in admissions,
serve all students and must partake in their state’s testing
and accountability measures. True/False

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Enrollment in charter schools surpassed?

Answer 10

3 Million

Question 11

Homeschooling became lawful on a national basis in?

Answer 11

1993

Question 12

It is estimated that approximately how many students are
homeschooled.

Answer 12

2 million

Question 13

Rules, regulations and requirements for homeschooling
vary widely among the states. True/False

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Vouchers allow parents to utilize public funds to pay for a school of
their choice for their child or children. True/False

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Courts in several states have not considered voucher programs with
varied results. True/False

Answer 15

False, have

Question 16

Courts where have upheld the use of vouchers by
students who attended religious schools?

Answer 16

in Wisconsin and Florida

Question 17

Which Supreme Court struck down a school district’s policy
allowing tuition payments for children to attend sectarian high schools?

Answer 17

Vermont

Question 18

Currently how many states have voucher programs?

Answer 18

14, and the district of Columbia

Question 19

What is the child benefit theory?

Answer 19

Funding benefits the child directly;
the schools or churches benefit indirectly.

Question 20

The child benefit theory has been utilized?

Answer 20

This theory has been utilized by the U.S. Supreme Court
to uphold various systems in which public funding is used
for nonpublic schools, including programs in Louisiana
related to textbooks and in New Jersey relating to busing.

Question 21

In 1971, what 3 pronged test was invented for cases dealing with funds for
private and parochial schools

Answer 21

Lemon test, Lemon v. Kurtzman test

Question 22

The lemon test prongs

Answer 22

The statute must have a secular legislative purpose.

Its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances
nor inhibits religion.

The statute must not foster an excessive government
entanglement with religion.

Question 23

The Lemon test has not been used to decide cases relating to
many church-state educational issues. True/False

Answer 23

False, has

Question 24

There has not been any criticism of the lemon test and its applications

Answer 24

False, there has been criticism

Question 25

Trinity Lutheran was denied what during U.S. Supreme Court, 2017, 7-2?

Answer 25

A grant application from the Missouri Department of Natural Resources to purchase playground equipment for its preschool and daycare center because it is a church.

Question 26

Why this this denied Trinity Lutheran District of Columbia?

Answer 26

The Court held this was a violation of the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment by denying the church an otherwise available public benefit on account of its religious status.

Question 27

The increase in the student population between 1994 and 2013 required what?

Answer 27

the construction of nearly 13,000 K-12 schools.

Question 28

Education required facilities to?

Answer 28

Projections for continued growth suggest continued facilities construction will be necessary. Even states with decreasing student populations require facilities construction due to obsolete facilities.

Question 29

There is growing consensus in the literature that quality school facilities can improve student achievement, reduce truancy and suspensions, increase staff satisfaction and retention, and increase community property values. True/False

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Facilities are not key factor in ensuring equity in educational offerings and opportunities. True/False

Answer 30

False, are key!!!

Question 31

Nationally, states and local school districts spent a total of $925 billion in 2014 dollars on maintenance and operation of school facilities. True/False

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Spending per pupil ranged from

Answer 32

$614 per pupil in Utah to $2,906 in Alaska. These expenses include daily cleaning, grounds keeping, maintenance, utilities and security.

Question 33

Local school districts contributed the largest share of funding for facilities construction, maintenance and operations; state support varies. True/False

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Multiple sources confirm that states and districts are overinvesting in facilities, which has significant implications for education quality. True/False

Answer 34

False, Underinvesting!!!

Question 35

Data indicates that?

Answer 35

over half of public schools are in need of repairs, renovations and modernizations in order to be in good condition.

Question 36

Lack of comprehensive data relating to school infrastructure is an ongoing problem. True/False

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Capital Outlays and Debt Services

Answer 37

Capital outlays and debt service are large budgets administered by school officials under the direction of the board of education. Capital funds are generally used for fixed assets, equipment, construction, and the purchase of property. At one time, in many states, debt service was included as part of capital outlay. For many years, revenues for capital projects were generated solely by local property taxes. However, this method is now obsolete and impractical.

Question 38

The focus on capital projects increased as court cases provided an impetus for states to analyze their system of providing revenue for capital projects. True/False

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Adequacy in providing money to districts in relation to the state constitution was often the focus. Many states have considered facilities-related issues via court decisions. True/False

Answer 39

True

Question 40

The 1984 Pauley v. Bailey decision in West Virginia established?

Answer 40

that facilities are a necessary part of a thorough and efficient education system, required by the state constitution

Question 41

Some courts, such as in New York

Answer 41

required a specific amount of facilities funding over a period of time.

Question 42

A variety of methods have and are being used to provide capital outlay revenue for local school districts. True/False

Answer 42

True

Question 43

The most prevalent form of aid for facilities is?

Answer 43

distributed through grants

Question 44

Other methods for debt service and capital outlay include

Answer 44

Item in funding formula, Loans, and States bond guarantees.

Question 45

Capital outlay questions raise several equity and adequacy issues, including

Answer 45

Unfairness between districts that are required to build and equip several new buildings a year versus those that are not. Increased likelihood that programs for vocational educational education, children with disabilities and low- income students are often found in property-poor districts. Bonded debt revenue required from property tax levies and the inequity of the property tax within a given district increase public criticism of such funding programs.

Question 46

The federal government’s involvement with financial aid for capital outlay expenditures has been relatively insignificant True/False

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Federal legislation, including the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the Hurricane Education Recovery Act and the Economic Recovery and Reinvestment Act,

Answer 47

has provided some federal funding for education facilities projects.

Question 48

Several types of plans and procedures for capital outlay have evolved in the states, including

Answer 48

Pay as you go financing Building reserve sinking fund

Question 49

Pay-As-You-Go Financing

Answer 49

Quick and easy but not practical for large projects or high cost construction.

Question 50

Building Reserve/Sinking Fund

Answer 50

Spreading costs over time before buildings are erected; there are several objections to this plan, which is illegal in some states.

Question 51

The bond process involves

Answer 51

obtaining taxpayer approval for the district to issue long-terms bonds to obtain funds to construct buildings and provide other facilities.

Question 52

The bonding system has advantages

Answer 52

including stability in tax levies and small tax burden, and disadvantages, including greater total cost due to interest.

Question 53

There are several ways to classify bonds

Answer 53

Serial bonds Straight term bonds Callable/Redeemable Bonds Registered Bonds

Question 54

Serial Bonds

Answer 54

Payment of accrued interest each year and retirement of part of the principal each year on an amortized basis

Question 55

Straight Term Bonds

Answer 55

Mature at the end of the bonding period; not used extensively today.

Question 56

Callable/Redeemable Bonds

Answer 56

Provide for premature payment of the debt, with reissue of the bonds at a more favorable rate of interest

Question 57

Registered Bonds

Answer 57

All payments are made solely to the registered owners on record.

Question 58

Other Bonding Issues

Answer 58

Bonding Rates Bond Power Refunding Bonds

Question 59

Bonding Rates

Answer 59

It is important for school districts to establish and maintain a good bond rating, which results in lower interest when bonds are sold.

Question 60

Bond Power

Answer 60

Bonding is not an implied power that school districts may use at their discretion; it must be expressed in state law.

Question 61

Refunding Bond

Answer 61

Lower interest rates and the need for additional capital outlays have motivated some school districts to refund outstanding bonds.

Question 62

Impact Fees

Answer 62

Some school districts have moved to require that purchasers of homes in newly developed areas be assessed an impact fee to cover costs of a new school in the impacted area.

Question 63

Sales Tax

Answer 63

Some school districts are experimenting with financing building repairs and new facilities in part through sales tax.