quiz 4

Question 1

what is categorical fashion?

Answer 1

• no variation
• almost all experiments fit here

Question 2

what is a grouping variable?

Answer 2

separates data into samples

Question 3

what is ordinal

Answer 3

• categories that have a logical ranking to it
• nonparametric

Question 4

basic question

Answer 4

does your grouping variable categorize your data points into distinct groups?

Question 5

experimental question

Answer 5

does your independent variable have an effect on your dependent?

Question 6

statistical question

Answer 6

are your samples drawn from the same population or not?

Question 7

how do we distinguish samples?

Answer 7

• compare measures of central tendencies
• how much overlap is there between the two samples?

Question 8

what does a high variability graph look like and what does it mean?

Answer 8

they overlap closer to the top of the curve. this means it could almost be one sample and there may just be sample error.

Question 9

what does a medium variability curve look like?

Answer 9

overlaps in the middle of the curve

Question 10

what does a low variability curve look like?

Answer 10

overlaps at the bottom of the curve

Question 11

what are the two types of tests that compare samples?

Answer 11

parametric and non- parametric

Question 12

parametric

Answer 12

• will compare means of samples
• requires your data set to meet a set of assumptions

Question 13

what is the null hypothesis for every assumptions test?

Answer 13

the null hypothesis is that your data will meet every assumption.

Question 14

on a independent samples test, what does “F” mean?

Answer 14

testing assumption

Question 16

on a independent samples test, what does “Sig.” mean?

Answer 16

p-value

Question 17

on a independent samples test, what what must be interpreted first?

Answer 17

Levene’s test

Question 18

non-parametrics test

Answer 18

• compares medians
• does not meet assumptions (null is rejected)
• uses different approach like ranking data points

Question 19

what is wrong with the non-parametrics test?

Answer 19

• greatly increases the risk of a type 2 error

Question 20

why is using individuals as their own control group preferred?

Answer 20

• reduces the needed sample size
• eliminates the influence of variation between subjects

Question 21

matched control design

Answer 21

matching two people w/ similar demographic where one gets drug and one gets placebo

Question 22

if data is repeated and meets assumptions, what test should be used?

Answer 22

paired samples T-test

Question 23

if data is repeated and does not meet assumptions, what test should be used?

Answer 23

Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test

Question 24

if data is independent and doesn’t meet assumptions, what test should be used?

Answer 24

Man Whitney U test

Question 25

If data is independent and does meet assumptions, what test should be used?

Answer 25

Independent samples T-test

Question 26

Glioblastoma

Answer 26

a tumor arising from glioblast cells - tough cancer - grows quickly

Question 27

angiogenesis

Answer 27

recruits new blood vessels - when small, they start metastasizing

Question 28

angiogenic drugs

Answer 28

- important in preventing recurrence in patients that survive initial tumors

Question 29

two independent samples

Answer 29

- has a categorical independent with only 2 states - has a continuous or ordinal dependent variable - NOT using repeated measures

Question 30

is the independent samples t-test parametric or non-parametric?

Answer 30

parametric - has more power

Question 31

is the Man Whitney U Test parametric or non-parametric?

Answer 31

non-parametric

Question 32

Independent samples T-test description

Answer 32

- has two parametric assumptions - samples must be normally distributed (mean, median, and mode must be the same)

Question 33

when is KS test used?

Answer 33

when data sets have above 100 samples

Question 34

when is the shapiro wilks test used?

Answer 34

when sample size is below 100

Question 35

what test is used to check for equal variance?

Answer 35

levenes test

Question 36

z-transformation

Answer 36

take each individual data point and do calculation on it. This will be the new number.

Question 37

Arcsin

Answer 37

may not understand as well

Question 38

what do you do if you fail assumption on normality only?

Answer 38

Use correction or use non-parametric test

Question 39

what do you do if you fail assumption on equal variance only?

Answer 39

- use non-parametric test

Question 40

what do you do if you fail assumption on normality & equal variance?

Answer 40

non-parametric test

Question 41

HA 1 tailed

Answer 41

the mean of one sample A is larger than sample B - which one we think is bigger (has direction)

Question 42

HA 2 tailed

Answer 42

the means of the two samples are different - "it has an affect" without direction (+/-)

Question 43

in independent Samples Test, what does "t" mean?

Answer 43

how different 2 samples are (we dont care about sign)

Question 44

in independent Samples Test, what does "df" mean?

Answer 44

it interprets the test statistic

Question 45

what does statistically significant mean?

Answer 45

likely to be real

Question 46

equation for Cohens D

Answer 46

D=2t/sqr root of df

Question 47

effect size correlation equation

Answer 47

r= sqrt(t^2/t^2 + df)

Question 48

Mann Whitney U Test description

Answer 48

- non-parametric - works by ranking data in order - cant calculate mean

Question 49

inattention meaning

Answer 49

cannot focus on readily tasks

Question 50

hyperactivity

Answer 50

higher than normal motor activity

Question 51

impulsivity

Answer 51

low self inhibition - seeks immediate rewards (gambling)

Question 52

ADHD

Answer 52

- most often diagnosed in children - strongly heritable - often treated with stimulants, high rate self treatment by adults with caffeine

Question 53

Paired samples Test

Answer 53

- has a categorical independent variable with only two states - has a continuous or ordinal dependent variable - uses repeated measures

Question 54

repeated measures

Answer 54

- data points in one sample are not affected by points in the other sample - most common cause of non-independence is repeated measures of the same individual

Question 55

2 important benefits of repeated measures:

Answer 55

1. each individual serves as their own control as comparisons are made within individuals 2. gives more confidence

Question 56

Wilcoxon Signed Ranked tests

Answer 56

- ranks the absolute values of the differences