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quiz 4 chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

are a family of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that function as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance of various compounds, as well as for hormone synthesis and breakdown.

A

P450 enzymes

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2
Q

Protection from toxins include

A

Barries, metabolic transformation and mobilization of toxins for excretion

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3
Q

Phase I detox ( in liver)

A

oxidation step converting toxins into substance containing a hydroxyl group (-OH)

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4
Q

Phase II detox (in liver)

A

conjugation reaction adding compounds (gly, So4, met, etc) to products from phase 1 to make the substace water soluble for excretion?

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5
Q

Creating more easily removable compounds that can be excreted from the system

A

metabolic transformation, phase 1 and phase 2 detox

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6
Q

Reduce ability of toxins to penetrate into system

A

barriers

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7
Q

exretion occurs in GI tract, kidney, skin and lungs

A

mobilization of toxins from excretion

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8
Q

Most endogenous/exogenouse toxins cleared through

A

liver phase 1/2

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9
Q

acetaminophen does not need to be cleared through phase but can go direction in phase

A

phase 1, phase 2

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10
Q

detox mechanisms include

A

(1) enhanced tolerance (2) induced mobilization (3) increase metabolic conversion rates (4) induce extretion of toxins

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11
Q

exogenous toxins are found high in

A

brain, bone

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12
Q

endogenous toxins may have systemic effects

A

increase ROS in most cells

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13
Q

GI microbial toxins

A

high OA overgrowth from bactreia or fungi

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14
Q

Total toxin exposure

A

exogenous, microbioal, endogenous

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15
Q

NH3 exceeding urea cycle capacity leads to high

A

orotate

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16
Q

plasma ammonia levels

A

an important evaluation of toxicity from NH3 that can occur in liver and kidney

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17
Q

Creatinine can indicate

A

kidney damage from autoimmune disease or toxicity

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18
Q

excretes bilirubin

A

glucuronidation

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19
Q

what can lead to elevated NH3

A

high bacterial markers, exercise,

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20
Q

amonia clearance requires

A

ATP, MN and MG

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21
Q

high orotate and citrate in urine =

A

low arg

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22
Q

things that depress liver function

A

infections by virus, bacteria or parasites, drugs, toxins, excess alcohol

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23
Q

3 classes of biotransformation enzymes

A

oxygen radical conversion, ammonia removal, immunocompetence

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24
Q

toxins must pass through the _____ memembrane to enter the cell for phase I and II detox to occur

A

hepatocytes plasma

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25
toxins enter hepatocyte plasma via
(1) passive diffusion (2) active transporters such as OAT, OATP and NTCP
26
when the hepatocyte is funcioning optimally, toxin intake rates
parralel hepatic clearance rates
27
liver phase 1 (3 steps)
oxidation, reduction (less commmon and important) and hydroxylation and hydroplysis
28
hydroxylation occurs via
cytochrome P450 monooxygenases
29
hydroxylation detoxes many
drugs and steroids
30
CYP enzymes
most importnat detox enzymes
31
detox of carcinogens and toxins
CYP1A1
32
activation of carcinogenic amines and aflatoxin B
CYP1A2
33
involved in biotransformation of many drugs
CYP1A4
34
Involved in oxidation of volatile environmental chemicals and anesthetics
CYP2E1
35
Monooxygenase
what makes every compound more water soluble
36
What is always at the core of Cytochrome P450
iron
37
add OH to toxins using NADPH as a source of reducing equivalents
Cytochrome P450
38
CYP2E1 vs CYP1A2 both detox acetaminophen, caffeine but E1 also detoxes
alcohol
39
measuring detox with non toxic coumpounds for phase 2
acetaminophen and salicylic acid
40
measuring detox with non toxic compounds for phase 1
caffeine
41
if caffine clearance is HIGH
liver is removing caffeine
42
most xenobotics are___ which means tehy will accumulate in
non-polar, adipose tissue
43
treating low rate of caffeine clearance
derease toxic exposure, increase enzymes with high quality protein, Fe, b2 and vitamin C
44
nutrients required to maitain P450 activiity
B3 and MG
45
required for phase 11 detoxification of billirubin, steroids and drugs like morphone
required for phase 11 detoxification of billirubin, steroids and drugs like morphone
46
the major and most common route for xenobiotic phase II metabolism and accounts for majority of conjugated metabolites found in urine and bile
glucuronidation
47
glucuronidation: UGTA1 acts on
bilirubin, estradiol, estrogenic steroids
48
Glucuronidations: UGT2B4 acts on the
highest number of subtrates including bile acid, morphine and codieine
49
small molecules that can bind to proteins and stiumlate an immune response
Haptens - related to glucuronidation
50
natural compounds in glucorinations (vits and minerals
ALL FAT SOLUBE, A, K, D, E, steroids, hormones, bile acids, bilirubin, estrogens, melatonin
51
GSTM1 acts on
nitrourea and mustrad type anticancer drugs
52
GSTT2 metabolizes
small organi molecules such as solvents, halo carbons and elecrtophillic compounds
53
aliphatic or aromatic halogen substituted hydro carbons are conjugated with
glutathione
54
the conjugation of halon/hydrocarbons with glutathione turns into
mercapturic acid
55
major enzyme in detoxification
GST
56
bioactivation and detoxification of xenobiotics in food, tobacco, smoke, ETOH, pesticides, drugs, environmental pollutants, antitumor agents
GST
57
Glutathione S transferase
GST
58
3 types of GST
cytosolic, mitochondrial, microsomal
59
Transforms steroids, catecholamines, thyroxine, bile acids, phenolics and other xenobiotics
Sulfate conjugation
60
Acts on thyroid hormone (SULT1
B1)
61
most sulfase conjugates are qwater soluble and eliminated in the..... but steroids are typically excreted into the....
bile
62
major biotransmformation for xenobotic carboxylic acids is through conjugation with
glucuronic acid or glycine
63
benzoic acid and hetero cyclic aromatic acids favor detoxification via
glycine conjugation
64
primary cite for acetylation
liver
65
phenyl acetate is conjugated with
glutamine
66
precursor for hepatic sulfate formation
cystine
67
COMT is dependant on what mineral
MG
68
biomethylation reduces toxicity of
arsenic
69
low caffeine clearance
low phase 1 detox, slow P450
70
high caffeine clearance
P450 induction
71
Acetaminophen, sulface, glucuronide low
low phase II detox
72
Phase 1/phase II ration high
increased risk of carcinogenesis chemical sensitivity
73
Cys/sulfate ratio high
impaired sulfoxidation
74
Cys (plasma) high
impaired sulfoxidation
75
sulfate (plasma) low
GSH deficiency
76
oxygen radical quenching
water soluble antioxidants
77
Ammonia clearance nutrient intervention
L-arginine, A-KG, MG, MN
78
Phase I bio-transformation nutrient intervention
lipoic acid, antioxidant protection
79
phase II bio-transformation nutrient intervention
N-acetylcysteine, taurine, NaSo4
80
sulfoxidation nutrient intervention
Mo, Cu, Fe, MGso4
81
Sulfation nutrient intervention
N-acetylcystein, MGSO4, cystein with care
82
glucuronidation nutrient intervention
lower drug dosing
83
glycine conjugation, nutrient intervention
glycine, Vitamin B3 ( i think)
84
Phase I/Phase II nutrient intervention
N-Acetylcysteine, glycine, vitamin B3 ( i think), antioxidants
85
kidney nutrient intervention
low protein diet
86
liver nutrient intervention
low protein diet
87
sulfur amino acids nutrient intervention
amino acids, n-acetylcysteine, taurine
88
Glycine nutrient intervention
glycine, n-acetylcysteine
89
essential element nutrient intervention
mineral supplements and dietary modifications
90
antioxidant vitamins low nutrient intervention
antioxidant rich foods and supplements
91
ETOH--> acetalaldehyde requires what nutreints
NAD+
92
Acetalaldehyde oxized- acetate
NAD+

Chem (4 decks)

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