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Bio 207 (micro) > Quiz 5 (3/14) > Flashcards

Quiz 5 (3/14) Flashcards

1
Q

When are ear infections more common?

A

early childhood

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2
Q

How are ear infections treated?

A

80% resolved without antibiotics
some kids tubes to drain the fluid out of there ears0

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3
Q

Acute otitis media

A

Ear infections (strep pneumoniae, influenza, ect.)

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4
Q

Rhinosinusitis

A

Sinus infections
common!

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5
Q

Signs and symptoms of a sinus infection

A

trapped fluid causes pain, swelling, headache
inflammation of sinus tissue
acute, reoccurring
or chronic

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6
Q

How are sinus infections treated?

A

Nasal sprays
antibiotics are usually not needed

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7
Q

Rhinovirus

A

the common cold (100+ types)
causes 30%-50% of colds

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8
Q

What are the two less common causes of colds?

A

adenovirus, coronaviruses

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9
Q

What characterizes adenoviruses?

A

They cause severe respiratory symptoms and occur year round

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10
Q

Pertussis

A

Whooping Cough

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11
Q

Why are pertussis outbreaks increasing?

A

vaccination issues (16,000 cases a year in the US alone)

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12
Q

Where does pertussis bacteria attach?

A

ciliated bronchial epithelium

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13
Q

Characteristic symptoms of pertussis:

A

tracheal cytotoxin (excess mucus)
pertussis toxin (paralyzes cells)

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14
Q

List the stages of pertussis infection in order:

A

1) Catarrhal Stage (1-2 weeks)
2) Paroxysmal Stage (2-4 weeks)
3) Convalescent Stage (3-4 weeks)

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15
Q

What characterizes the Catarrhal stage?

A

runny nose
fever, malaise, increasing cough
most bacteria= most contagious stage

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16
Q

What characterizes the Paroxysmal Stage?

A

persistent, severe cough, vomiting
50% survival rate at this stage for kids

17
Q

What characterizes the Convalescent Stage?

A

cough is sporadic
recovery period

18
Q

What are the complications of whooping cough?

A

superinfection
cerebral bleeding
convulsions (oxygen deficiency)

19
Q

What is the treatment of pertussis?

A

antibiotics in the catarrhal stage (but the disease is hard to detect in this stage)
supporting therapy during the paroxysmal stage
DTAP vaccine!

20
Q

How is influenza spread?

A

airborne respiratory droplets, fomites, feces

21
Q

Type of the flu that occurs every year; causes most epidemics, can be severe

A

Influenza A

22
Q

Type of the flu that occurs every year; not as common as type A; moderate symptoms

A

Influenza B

23
Q

Type of the flu that does not occur every year; mild symptoms, doesn’t cause epidemics

A

Influenza C

24
Q

What are the two spike proteins in Influenza A?

A

Hemagglutinin (H) - attachment
Neuraminidase (N) - releases bacteria out of infected cells

25
Q

How many possible combos of H and N variants?

A

198

26
Q

What is an Antigenic Drift?

A

continual, gradual change in H and N due to random mutations. Creates sub variants

27
Q

What is an Antigenic Shift?

A

major changes (> 50%) in spike shape or type. Why we need to develop new flu shots all the time

28
Q

Where does Hemagglutinin attach in human upper respiratory cells?

A

a 2-6 cell receptors (mild symptoms)

29
Q

Where does Hemagglutinin attach in human lower respiratory cells?

A

a 2-3 receptors (sever flu; inflammation in lower lungs)

30
Q

Which type of cell receptors do birds have?

A

a 2-3

31
Q

which type of cell receptors do pigs have?

A

a 2-3 and a 2-6 in the same cell!
allows new strains of the flu to emerge

32
Q

How long do flu symptoms last?

A

7-10 days

33
Q

What are some possible flu complications?

A

1) bacteria invasion of damaged lung tissue (pneumonia)
2) Reye’s syndrome- live, brain damage in kids given aspirin as treatment

34
Q

What is a serve disease that targets the LRT?

A

Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

35
Q

Is tuberculosis bacteria gram positive or negative?

A

Neither! Acid-fast cell wall

36
Q

Infectious dose of tb bacteria:

A

only 10 bacteria

37
Q

generation time of tb bacteria

A

15-20 hours

Bio 207 (micro) (5 decks)

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