Quiz 6 Flashcards
(22 cards)
what is meant by phantom limb?
the sensation that a missing limb or body part is still present, even though it has been amputated or removed
how can plasticity (or neural reorganization) be shown in phantom limb patients?
feeling / experience / pain of limb even after it has been amputated
accounted for by reorganization of somatosensory cortex
what does the gate control theory of pain attempt to explain?
rubbing skin stimulates l-fibers which closes the gate and eases pain
central control (from brain) can open or close gate to increase or decrease pain
what are some factors that could influence the perception of pain?
mental state (anxiety and expectation)
emotional distraction
endorphins
what brain areas are involved in the perception of pain?
amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex
endorphins
pain reducers that occur naturally in the body
how are olfactory sensory neurons different from other sensory receptors?
they only live for about a month and then completely regenerate in 28 days
how does olfactory sensitivity to detect odors in humans compare to other animals?
humans: 2 cm area for receptors with 20 million receptors
dogs: 152 cm area with 300 million receptors
how do we “feel” scents?
how does odor relate to affect (emotion) and memory?
memory for smell is long lasting and very good - however, we cannot imagine smell
seems to release vivid memories
describe evidence that supports that preferences for odors are learned, rather than innate.
classical conditioning: pavlov’s experiment
smell / taste something > nausea hours later > aversion
what are functions of smell and what are the neural pathways associated with these functions?
identification (thalamic route)
affect (limbic route)
what are pheromones and how has their role been demonstrated in humans?
chemicals released that communicate species-specific behavior
sexual attraction, synchronization of menstrual cycles
what is flavor and how is it influenced by olfaction?
flavor is the overall impression that we experience from the combination of nasal and oral stimulation
odor stimulus from food reaches olfactory mucosa through nasal pharynx pathway
what are the 4 basic taste qualities? and the 5th?
salty (ability to perceive and to like is affected by experience)
sour (taste of acids)
bitter (many compounds are poisonous)
sweet (we cannot distinguish between the qualities of different sweet tastes)
umami (meaty taste)
where are taste buds and receptors for taste?
papillae: structures on tongue that hold taste buds
papillae contain taste buds: 10,000 on tongue
taste buds contain taste cells, receptor on tips
how does taste sensitivity vary among individuals?
supertasters: not only taste, but taste sensation differs
how is the rubber hand illusion induced?
seeing the rubber hand stroked and feeling your own hand stroked leads to “ownership” of the rubber hand
what is synesthesia?
stimulus of one modality that leads to perceptual experience in another (the number five is yellow)
what is visual-motor learning or adaptation?
the process of refining the coordination between visual perception and motor actions
name and describe two different demonstrations of tactile (touch) - visual (vision) interactions
the rubber hand– when shown a rubber hand and it is stroked, you feel ownership over the rubber hand
VR out of body experiences– by manipulating a person’s perception of their own body
sensory substitution
using an intact sense to provide information that would normally be received through a compromised or impaired sense
(glasses that have lenses that bend light to correct visual impairments)
