Quiz questions

Question 1

The cavemen carved various animals on the cave wall during the Stone Age. One of the animals carved on the wall as a warning for being poisonous to cavemen was _______

Buffalos

Horses

Snakes

Tigers

Answer 1

Snakes

Question 2

The earliest recognized poisons such as hemlock, aconite and metals were recorded in ________

Book of Job

Ebers Papyrus

Codex

Des Poisons

Answer 2

Ebers Papyrus

Question 3

Crosslink the following historic figures with their respective recognition:

Hippocrates Father of Medicine

Ramazzini Father of Toxicology

Paracelsus Father of the Occupational Diseases

Orfila Father of the U.S. FDA

Harvey Wiley Father of Forensic Toxicology

Answer 3

Hippocrates – father of medicine

Ramazzini – Father of occupational diseases

Paracelsus – Father of Toxicology

Orfila – Father of Forensic Toxicology

Harvey Wiley – Father of US FDA

Question 4

The half life time of methylmercury (MeHg) is:

In the range of many years

In the range of a few hours

In the range of several days

In the range of weeks or months

Answer 4

In the range of weeks or months

Question 5

Methylmercury is most toxic for:

Pregnant women

Children

Adults

Fetus

Answer 5

Fetus

Question 6

Place the toxicity of organic mercury species in order from the least to most toxic:

Methylmercury < Dimethylmercury < Ethylmercury

Dimethylmercury < Methylmercury < Ethylmercury

Ethylmercury < Methylmercury < Dimethylmercury

Answer 6

Ethylmercury < Methylmercury < Dimethylmercury

Question 7

What prompted the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to issue a Warning Letter to AUSTROFOOD S.A.S. on August 9, 2024?
a. The company’s failure to meet labeling requirements.
b. The recall of apple cinnamon fruit puree pouches containing elevated levels of lead and chromium.
c. Misbranding of dietary supplements.
d. False advertising regarding the nutritional content of their products.

Answer 7

b. The recall of apple cinnamon fruit puree pouches containing elevated levels of lead and chromium.

Question 8

What blood lead level (BLL) is considered toxic in children, according to standard biomarkers of lead exposure?
a. > 2 mg/dL
b. > 5 mg/dL
c. > 10 mg/dL
d. > 15 mg/dL

Answer 8

b. > 5 mg/dL

Question 9

The protein that strongly binds with cadmium and protects against cadmium cellular toxicity is ___________

beta-amyloids

Albumin

Metallothionein

Tau proteins

Answer 9

Metallothionein

Question 10

_______________ is a pesticide that targets plant species.

Insecticides

Rodenticides

Fungicides

Piscicides

Herbicides

Answer 10

Herbicides

Question 11

Pesticides have only been used by humans since WWII (1930s and later).

True

False

Answer 11

False

Question 12

______________ are carbon-based pesticides that were a by-product of nerve gas and chemical warfare research during WWII. Their mode of action is to inactivate cholinesterase enzymes in insects.

Organophosphates

Carbamates

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

DDT

Glyphosate

Answer 12

Organophosphates

Question 13

What was the consequence of breaking the first antipollution law provided by Edward I?

A year in jail

A fine

Beheading

Community service

Electric chair

Answer 13

Beheading

Question 14

What is considered the most influential public health law ever instituted in the U.S. due to its protection of human life?

Clean Water Act

Affordable Care Act

Clean Air Act

Environmental Services Act

The Great New Deal

Answer 14

Clean Air Act

Question 15

The British Clean Air Act established which responded to ______

Smoke-Free Areas

Restrictions on coal burning

Restrictions on industrial furnaces

Grants to homeowners to transition to oil, natural gas, and electricity

All of the above

Only (b) and (c)

Answer 15

All of the above

Question 16

The public issue became so severe that the town where Delamar Mill sits in Nevada is called the Widow-maker Ghost town. It is because of the pollution of __________

Silica

Mercury

Lead

Asbestos

Answer 16

Silica

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the primary goal of regulatory toxicology?

A) To develop new pharmaceutical drugs for commercial use

B) To assess and manage the risks of chemicals to human health and the environment

C) To study the molecular mechanisms of toxic substances in the body

D) To analyze the historical effects of toxins on ancient civilizations

Answer 17

B) To assess and manage the risks of chemicals to human health and the environment

Question 18

What is the key difference between policy and regulation in the context of regulatory toxicology?

A) Policies set overarching goals and principles, whereas regulations provide enforceable rules and specific requirements.

B) Policies are legally binding, while regulations are only guidelines.

C) Regulations are created by legislative bodies, while policies are enforced by regulatory agencies.

D) Policies and regulations are interchangeable terms with no significant difference.

Answer 18

A) Policies set overarching goals and principles, whereas regulations provide enforceable rules and specific requirements.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a global regulatory framework for toxicological risk assessment and chemical safety?

A) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

B) The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

C) The California Proposition 65

D) The ICH Guidelines

Answer 19

D) The ICH Guidelines

Question 20

Which of the following correctly outlines the four primary steps of a risk assessment process in toxicology?

A) Identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk communication

B) Exposure assessment, risk characterization, hazard identification, and safety testing

C) Hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization

D) Hazard identification, dose-response assessment, risk communication, and regulatory decision-making

Answer 20

C) Hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization

Question 21

What is the key difference between hazard and risk in toxicology?

A) Hazard refers to the potential for harm, while risk refers to the likelihood of harm occurring.

B) Hazard is the amount of a substance, while risk is the absence of any potential to cause toxicity.

C) Hazard refers to exposure levels, while risk refers to environmental factors.

D) Hazard is about the toxicity of a substance, while risk is about its legal status.

Answer 21

A) Hazard refers to the potential for harm, while risk refers to the likelihood of harm occurring.

Question 22

Birds are especially susceptible to pulmonary toxicity resulting from exposure to gases such as carbonyl fluoride from burning PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene, Teflon) because:

a. The epithelium lining the respiratory tract in birds is extremely thin.

b. The epithelium lining the respiratory tract in birds is more metabolically active than in mammals.

c. Birds are highly efficient at gas exchange in the lungs for flight.

d. Accumulation of carbonyl fluoride in the air sacs of birds results in re-polymerization of PTFE forming a layer of PTFE within the respiratory tract greatly reducing gas exchange.

Answer 22

c. Birds are highly efficient at gas exchange in the lungs for flight.

Question 23

The cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) toxin, microcystin, can cause severe injury to which organ:

a. Brain

b. Thyroid

c. Liver

d. Bone marrow

Answer 23

c. Liver

Question 24

Some toxins, such as those in the plant, White Snakeroot, can be passed in the milk of lactating animals.

a. True

b. False

Answer 24

a. True

Question 25

Lead poisoning is increasing in bald eagles in the wild because of exposure via: a. Being shot with lead bullets b. Picking up lead shot on the bottoms of lakes to use as grit to digest food c. Inhalation of lead in exhaust from coal fired electrical power plants d. Eating lead bullets and bullet fragments while scavenging from the carcasses of animals shot with lead bullets.

Answer 25

d. Eating lead bullets and bullet fragments while scavenging from the carcasses of animals shot with lead bullets.

Question 26

Cats are especially sensitive to acetaminophen (APAP) poisoning because: a. Cats are deficient in glucuronyl transferase b. Cats have extremely fast metabolism of acetaminophen to highly reactive NAPQI. c. Trace amounts of phenobarbital in cat food induce hepatic metabolism of acetaminophen to highly reactive NAPQI in greater amounts than in other species d. Cats are deficient in the amino acid taurine.

Answer 26

a. Cats are deficient in glucuronyl transferase

Question 27

In a Western diet, most of the calories come from WHICH of the following: Carbohydrates Fat Protein Toxicants Vitamins

Answer 27

Carbohydrates

Question 28

Most nutrients are absorbed in WHICH part of the gastrointestinal tract: Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine

Answer 28

Small intestine

Question 29

Beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine, known as L-BMAA is WHICH of the following: A synthetic poison A heavy metal A food supplement A marine toxin A neurotoxic amino acid found in cycad seeds

Answer 29

A neurotoxic amino acid found in cycad seeds

Question 30

Lytico-bodig disease is characterized by some of the symptoms of WHICH of the following diseases: Alzheimer’s related dementia Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Parkinson’s disease All of the above None of the above

Answer 30

All of the above

Question 31

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are found in especially high levels in WHICH of the following: Bacterially contaminated food Crust of charred meat Pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables Sushi from contaminated waters Unregulated supplements

Answer 31

Crust of charred meat

Question 32

How does “freezing of gait” manifest in PD patients? Alternating trembling of legs with feet in place Shuffling forward with very short steps Akinesia, no observable leg movement all of the above

Answer 32

all of the above

Question 33

After taking the new synthetic heroin, how long until the full symptoms of the “frozen addicts” occurred. Within 24 hours The next day 48 hours About 1 week

Answer 33

Within 24 hours

Question 34

What was the poison found in the synthetic heroin that cause the frozen addict state? MPTP MPPP MPP+ Both A and B

Answer 34

Both A and B

Question 35

Use of levodopa antidote leads to what? Temporary relief (hours) of motor freezing symptoms Long-term relief (months – permanent) of motor freezing symptoms Initial dyskinesia that resolves, but otherwise improved symptoms Regeneration of dopamine neurons

Answer 35

Temporary relief (hours) of motor freezing symptoms

Question 36

Many, and possibly all, drugs of abuse either directly or indirectly do this: Decrease serotonin signaling Increase dopaminergic signaling Activate opioid receptors Block cannabinoid signaling

Answer 36

Increase dopaminergic signaling

Question 37

Polonium-210 (Po-210) is a uranium decay product capable of emitting mainly ______ particles. alpha beta gamma neutrons

Answer 37

alpha

Question 38

Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true? There is no cure for severe polonium poisoning currently in clinics. Careful washing can remove most external traces of Po-210. Gastric aspiration or lavage can help reduce Po-210 toxicity after ingestion. Some experimental chelating agents show the promise in treatment of polonium poisoning. All of the above

Answer 38

All of the above

Question 39

The amount of radon escaping the earth depends on: Soil moisture Soil porosity Suction within the house Soil chemistry Weather All of the above

Answer 39

All of the above

Question 40

What part of the retina exhibits a pale color during optic pallor? A) Macula B) Optic Disc C) Fovea D) Vasculature

Answer 40

B) Optic Disc

Question 41

What was deficient in the Cubans’ diet that led to neuropathy? Vitamin D Vitamin C Vitamin B12 Cyanide

Answer 41

Vitamin B12

Question 42

What toxin was found in tobacco and cassava root that leads to neuropathy? A) Cyanide B) Vitamin B12 C) Iron D) Lead

Answer 42

A) Cyanide

Question 43

What Methanol metabolite inhibits cytochrome oxidase in the electron transport chain? A) Formic Acid B) Cyanide C) Acetaldehyde D) Ethanol

Answer 43

A) Formic Acid

Question 44

Which of the following was discovered in late 1930s by Dr. Raymond Pearl related to smoking? Smokers live longer than nonsmokers. Smokers and nonsmokers have equal lifespan. Smokers have shorter lifespans than nonsmokers. None of the above

Answer 44

Smokers have shorter lifespans than nonsmokers.

Question 45

Harmful and potentially harmful products (HPHC) list composed by the FDA cause the following health effects. Cancer, Cardiovascular disease and respiratory effects Reproductive problems and addiction. All of the above

Answer 45

All of the above

Question 46

Pod-based e-cigs such as JUUL have a smoother hit which leads to a higher consumption of nicotine due to which of the following reasons? Absence of any nicotine Conjugation with a weak acid (nic-salt) lowering the pH Increased free base nicotine concentration All of the above

Answer 46

Conjugation with a weak acid (nic-salt) lowering the pH

Question 47

Which of the following clinical signs can be observed in EVALI patients? Acute lung injury with organizing pneumonia and alveolar damage Hair loss Discoloration of teeth Emphysema phenotype

Answer 47

Acute lung injury with organizing pneumonia and alveolar damage

Question 48

Which of the following is the primary lung antioxidant? Elastase Ascorbic acid Glutathione Superoxide dismutase

Answer 48

Glutathione

Question 49

Manganism patients have all of the traits of the patients of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease except for ________ Tremor Rigidity Bradykinesia Postural instability Response to L-Dopa therapy

Answer 49

Response to L-Dopa therapy

Question 50

Manganism patients have the acting tremor while IPD patients have the resting tremor. True False

Answer 50

True

Question 51

In the Periodic Table, Mn is chemically very similar to one of the following essential metals. Magnesium Iron Zinc Copper Calcium

Answer 51

Iron

Question 52

About 43% of Mn in the body accumulate in bone. The half live of Mn in bone as estimated by Dr. Zheng and his student Stefanie O’Neal is _________ 8-9 days 8-9 weeks 8-9 months 8-9 years

Answer 52

8-9 years

Question 53

What lesson could be learned from the case of effective PAS therapy of a manganism women? The effective drug must be like L-Dopa to treat Parkinson’s movement disorder. The effective drug must be like GAPA to enhance neurotransmitter production. The effective drug must be able to remove Mn while fighting against the inflammation. All of the above None of the above

Answer 53

The effective drug must be able to remove Mn while fighting against the inflammation.