Quiz Questions E2 Flashcards
(325 cards)
1
Q
What Characteristic(s) of the L1-L4 Vertebral body may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific and complete as the difference(s) on a segment from each group.
A
On Crainial View, the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on a L1-L4 segment.
At L5 the traverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region.
In addition, the vertebral body of L5 is more wedge-shaped on lateral view with a much greater anterior height than posterior height.
2
Q
What Characteristic(s) of the L1-L4 Pedicle may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific and complete as the difference(s) on a segment from each group.
A
On Crainial View, the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on a L1-L4 segment.
At L5 the traverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region
3
Q
What is the distal modification of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar?
A
the transverse process
4
Q
What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?
A
the accessory process
5
Q
What is the name of the prominent linear elevation in the lumbar spine between superior and inferior articular processes?
A
pars interarticularis.
6
Q
What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult sacrum?
A
5 segments
7
Q
An imaginary line drawn along the dorsal mid-line of sacrum is identified as the_____?
A
median sacral crest
8
Q
What forms the median sacral crest?
A
fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles.
9
Q
An imaginary line drawn from the superior articular process of S1 to the sacral cornu will form what feature?
A
intermediate sacral crest.
10
Q
What forms the intermediate sacral crest?
A
the mammillary proccess of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5
11
Q
What does the sacral cornu represent?
A
the inferior articular process and facet of S5
12
Q
What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?
A
4 segments.
13
Q
What bony features are present on the coccyx?
A
all segments are represented by a “Vertebral body; in addition, Co1 has a coccygeal cornu and traverse process”
14
Q
What feature is present at the top of the manubrium sterni?
A
jugular notch (suprasternal notch)
15
Q
What is the name given to the articular site at the superolateral margin of the manubrium sterni?
A
clavicular notch.
16
Q
What names are given to the articular sites for the joint with the first and second rib?
A
costal notch I for the first rib costal cartilage; costal notch II for the second rib costal cartilage.
17
Q
What is the reminant of the inferior articular process and facet of S5?
A
the lateral sacral cornu
18
Q
An imaginary line drawn from the transverse process of S1 to the inferior lateral sacral angle will form what feature?
A
the lateral sacral crest
19
Q
What forms the lateral sacral crest?
A
the fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1 to S5
20
Q
What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?
A
S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, transverse tubercles of S3, S4, and S5
21
Q
What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?
A
the inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle.
22
Q
From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of the sacrum will be replaced by what feature?
A
transverse ridges.
23
Q
What is the name given to the openings that transmit the ventral sacral nerve rami?
A
anterior sacral formina, ventral sacral foramina, or ventral pelvic formina.
24
Q
What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?
A
auricular surface.
*lecture side note. (developed from costal element)
25
What is the sacral promontory?
the bulging anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1
26
What is the name given to the region of bone extending laterally from S1 vertebral body looking from the base view.
sacral ala.
27
What forms the Sacral Ala?
the costal element and the true transverse process
28
What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?
anterior two-thirds.
29
What part of the sacral ala is derived from the true transverse process.
posterior third
30
How many sternabrae for the corpus sterni?
4 sternebrae
31
What surface feature on the corpus sterni identifies the location of the old synchondroses?
the transverse lines
32
What articular sites for the costal cartilage of ribs will be identified on the corpus sterni?
costasl notches II-VII
33
What feature of the corpus sterni is present in 4-7% of the population?
a sternal foramen
34
What are the primary parts of the vertebral end of a typical rib?
the head, neck and tubercle
35
What features may be identified on the head of a typical rib?
two articular surfaces and the interarticular crest.
36
What feature of the head of a rib separates the superior and inferior articular surface/facet?
the interarticular crest
37
What feature s may be identified on the neck of a typical rib?
the crest of the rib.
38
What feature s may be identified on the tubercle of a typical rib?
the articular surface of the tubercle, and the non-articular surface of the tubercle.
39
Which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the head of the rib?
the articular surface of the tubercle
40
Which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the shaft of the rib?
the non-articular surface of the tubercle.
41
What is present on the head of the first rib?
a single articular surface
42
What is lacking at the head of the first rib?
the interarticular crest.
43
Is there a crest on the neck of the first rib?
not a well-developed one like on the typical rib.
44
What is unique about the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib?
the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is flattened and has a scalene tubercle flanked by the groove for the subclavian artery and the groove for the subclavian vein.
A, T, V
45
Which groove on the body(corpus) or shaft of the first rib is close to the vetebral end?
the groove for the subclavian artery and the first thoracic nerve.
46
Which groove on the body(corpus) or shaft of the first rib is close to the sternal end?
the groove for the subclavian vein.
47
What featrues may be identified on the head of rib 2?
two articular surfaces and interarticular crest.
48
What featrue of the head of rib 2 separates the superior from inferior articular articular surface/facet?
the interarticular crest.
49
What feature may be identified on the neck of rib 2?
the crest of the rib.
50
What features may be identified on the tubercle of rib to is closer to the head of the rib?
the articular surface of the tubercle.
51
What features may be identified on the tubercle of rib to is closer to the shaft of the rib?
the non-articular surface of the tubercle.
52
Which groove on the body(corpus) or shaft of rib 2?
the tuberosity for the serratus anterior, the costal angle and the costal groove.
53
What distinguishes the vertebral end of rib 11 from typical ribs?
the single articular surface, absence of a well-developed crest on the neck and the tubercle may be absent or if present, consists only of a non-articular surface.
54
What helps to distinguish the vertebral end of the twelfth rib from other ribs?
the head has a single articular surface, the crest the neck is poorly developed, the tubercle is absent.
55
What is the condition of the body (corpus or shaft) of rib 12?
the costal angle and costal groove are absent and it is the shortest of all ribs.
56
What term is used to identify the study of joints?
arthrology
57
What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?
syndesmology
58
What are the three histological classifications of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid.
59
What were the three classification of joints based on movement potential?
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis.
60
Which classifications of synarthorsis joint implies a bond condition?
syndesmosis
61
What is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage?
Synchondrosis
62
What is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition?
symphysis
63
What are the two sub-classifications of amphiarthrosis based on latin groupings?
synchondrosis, symphsis
64
What is the classification of a hinge type synovial joint?
ginglymus
65
What is the classification of a plane or gliding synovial joint?
athrodia
66
What is the classification of a pivot type synovial joint?
trochoid
67
What is the classification of a knuckle type synovial joint?
condylar or bicondylar
68
What is the classification of an oval-like synovial joint?
ellipsoidal
69
What is the classification of a saddle type synovial joint?
sellar
70
What is the classification of a ball and socket synovial joint?
cotyloid, spheroidal or enarthrosis
71
What term is now used to identify the synarthrosis joint type?
fibrous joints
72
What is the name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone?
synostosis
73
What fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of a syndesmosis?
a ligament
74
What is the synonym for amphiarthrosis joints?
cartilage joint
75
Which classification of cartilage joint is the first to appear developmentally?
(amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
76
Which cartilage joint forms between ossification centers within a cartilage template?
(amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
77
Which classification of cartilage joint is primary, temporary and composed of hyaline cartilage?
(amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
78
What are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
they are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline, cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template.
79
Which cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary?
(amphiarthrosis) symphysis
80
What cartilage joint occurs between bones formed by endochondral ossification?
(amphiarthrosis) symphysis
81
Which classification of cartilage joint is secondary, permanent and composed of fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage)?
(amphiarthrosis) symphysis
82
What are the four consistent features of synovial (diathrosis) joints?
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid.
83
What are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthroses) based on?
(1) the number of articulating surfaces,
(2) the degree/s of freedom and/or types of movement and
(3) the morphological appearance of the bony surfaces or the shape of the joint cavitiy.
84
What movements are accommodated by arthrodial synovial joints?
translational movement, a plane or gliding movement.
85
What are examples of synovial plane(diarthrosis arthrodia) joints?
most Zygapophyses of the vertebral column.
86
Diarthrosis trochoid joints are commonly called _______ joints based on action.
synovial pivot
87
What are the examples of synovial pivot (Diarthrosis trochoid) joints?
median alanto-axial joint.
88
What is the shared morphological characteristic or diarthrosis trochoid joints?
an osseous pivot point and an osteo-ligamentous ring.
89
What are the parts of th median atlanto-axial joint?
in the median atlanto-axial joint, the pivot point is the dens or odontoid process of C2 and its stationary while the oteo-ligamentous ring formed by the anterior arch C1 and the transverse atlantal ligament rotates.
90
What is a common name for the diarthrosis sellar joint?
Synovial saddle joint
91
What example of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint is identified along the spine?
the joint of Luschka of typical cervicals is a modified sellar joint.
92
Which joint classification exhibits a knuckle-shaped surface on one side of the joint and a concave surface on the other side?
diarthrosis condylar
93
What example of the dairthrosis condylar joint is identified along the spine?
the alanto-occitipital joint may be classified as a diarthorsis condylar joint
94
Which joint classification exhibits a knuckle shaped surface on one side of the joint and an elliptical, concave surface of the other side?
diarthrosis ellipsoidal
95
What is an example of the disarthrosis ellipsoidal joint?
the atlanto-occipital joint of the spine
96
Which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks?
ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints.
97
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical cervical spine?
seven segments
98
Which vertebrae are typical cervicals?
C3-C6
99
Which vertebrae are atypical cervicals?
C1, C2, C7
100
What is the shape of the typical cervical vertebral body from the cranial view?
rectangular
101
What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view?
posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters.
102
What would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features?
posterior or kyphotic.
103
What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve?
the intervertebral disc height.
104
What is the direction of the typical cervical curve?
anterior or lordotic
105
At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?
C5/C6
106
What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes?
107
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral groove.
108
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior groove articulation?
fibrous(amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
109
What is the joint classification for the posterior lip-posterior groove articulation?
fibrous(amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
110
What is the joint classification of the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
111
What is the joint classification of the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
112
How many joints are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical body?
5
113
How many joints are present on the lower surface of a typical cervical body?
5
114
How many joints are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
10
115
How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
4
116
Whatr other terms are used to identify the uncinate process?
unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus, lateral lip.
117
What other term is used to identify the lateral groove?
enchancrure
118
What is the name given to the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
joint of luschka or uncovertebral joint.
119
The joint of luschka is formed from what surfaces?
the uncinate process and lateral groove.
120
What is the functional significance of the joint of luschka?
it appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion-extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine.
121
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body?
the longus colli muscle.
122
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?
posterolateral, 45 degrees.
123
Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on the superior vertebral notch of C5?
C5 Spinal nerve.
124
Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on the inferior vertebral notch of C5?
C6 spinal nerve.
125
What direction of projection of the cervical lamina?
posteromedially.
126
What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?
ligamentum flavum
127
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?
para articular process.
128
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site will be associated with which classification of bone?
accessory bone
129
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum along its length will be associated with which classification of bone?
heterotopic bone
130
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical vertebra?
heart shaped, or triangular.
131
Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of typical cervcials?
transverse.
132
The greatest diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at _____?
C6
133
The greatest frequency of osterophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
134
List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body?
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process.
135
List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the lamina?
true transverse process. posterior tubercle,costotransverse bar, anterior tubercle, costal element, anterior tubercle.
136
What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
anterior scalene, longus capitus, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii.
137
What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
splenious cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levatore scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii.
138
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii.
139
What name is given to the collective rib-forming region?
pleurapophysis
140
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
60 degrees anterolaterally and inferiorly to form the cervical and brachial plexus.
141
What produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior direction.
cervical spine nerves as they are directed anterolaterally and inferiorly to form the cervical and brachial plexuses.
142
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
the carotid tubercle.
143
What will cause the remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?
the common carotid artery.
144
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers.
145
Recent work suggests what angulation of typical cervical articular facets?
55 to 60 degreesd. (classical is 40 to 45)
146
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
147
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward. (FoLD)
148
What muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?
the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators.
149
What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of a cervical zygapophyses?
the semispinalis capitis, multifidis, and rotator longus.
150
What is the joint classificaiton for the typical cervical zygapophysis?
synovial plane (diarthrosis artheoidia) joint.
151
What modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine?
meniscoidal folds.
152
What function will meniscoidal folds provide in cervical zygapophyses?
they are assumed to distribute pressure across the joint surface.
153
The greatest range of flexion - extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
typically C5/C6.
154
What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
lateral bending and axial rotation.
155
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vetebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couples?
the C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples.
156
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?
the C5/C6 vertebral couple.
157
What is the usual condition of the spinous process of the typical cervical in Caucasions, and African-Americans?
Bifid, Non-Bifid.
158
What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
the spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thorcais, multifidis, rotators, and interspinalis.
159
What will form the unique anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the uncinate process of the segment below and lateral groove of the segment above; forms the joint of luschka.
160
What is the unique anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve?
lateral groove of C3 and uncinate process of C4.
161
What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
longus colli
162
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
backward, upward, medial. (BUM)
163
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?
backward, medial, downward. (BMD)
164
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior.
165
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of atlas to the skin in each gender?
M: ~50mm
F: ~37mm.
166
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle, and ligamentum Nuchae.
167
What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?
the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament.
168
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed? q
about 7 years old.
169
What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus ponticus?
Kimmerle's Annomally.
170
What forms a complete or incomplete ponticulus ponticus?
Ossification of the anterior free margin of the Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament. (accessory bone)
171
What names are given the the opening formed by a complete ponticulus ponticus?
arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal.
172
Ponticulus ponsticus has be obersevred in what ethic populations?
all those studied so far.
173
What is the generla range of incidence of ponticulus ponticus in populations studied?
1%-41%
174
What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?
female.
175
What is observed on the under surface of the posterior arch of C1?
"inferior vertebral notch" and an attachment site for the posterior atlanto-axial ligament.
176
What is the location of the "zygapophysis" relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial I.V.F.
it forms part of the anterior boyundary of the I.V.F in both cases.
177
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and inertransversarii muscle.
178
What sub-occipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to spinal dura? (myodural bridges)
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, and obliquus capitis inferior.
179
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas.
180
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
the retrotransverse foramen.
181
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck.
182
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
lateral bridges.
183
What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympatheric motor nerve fibers.
184
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
M: 78mm
F: 72 mm
185
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30mm for males and females.
186
What joint classifications are observed at C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diartheosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovail pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint and synovial plane (diarthosis arthrodia) joint.
187
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
5
188
What synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets, and fovea dentis.
189
What names are Given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
190
How many joint surfaces are presdent on the odontoid process of C2?
5
191
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical dental ligament.
192
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
lordotic dens.
193
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental ligaments appear to be directed anterior?
kyphotic dens.
194
How many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
five.
195
What joint classifications are present on at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (ampiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovail saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilagenous (amphiarthrosis symphsis).
196
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?
10.
197
What ligaments will attach posteriorly, to the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
membrana tectoria, and posterior longitudinal lig.
198
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
199
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of C2?
oval to triangular.
200
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
201
What is the facet orientation of the inferior articular facet of C2?
Forward, Lateral, Downward. FoLD
202
What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?
longissimus cervicis.
203
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
M: 57 mm
F: ~50 mm
204
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C2?
levator scapula, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis and intertransversarii
205
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process?
bifid.
206
What is the location for palpation of the spinous process of C2?
in the midline, about two inches below the External occipital protuberance.
207
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis muscles.
208
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C2?
ligmentum nuchae, interspinous ligament.
209
What names may be given to C7?
Vertenbra Prominens, and vertebral prominence. (if longest spinous)
210
What name is given only to C7?
Vertebra Prominens
211
In hwat precent of men and of wmone does C7 become the vertebral promenince?
Men: 86%
Women: 79%
212
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 in males.
213
What joint surfaces are present at the inferior margin of the vertebral body of C7?
the anterior and posterior margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim, cancellous bone.
214
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
eight.
215
What joint classification are observed at the Vertebral body of C7
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilagenous (amphiarthrosis) sympysis.
216
How many synocail joint surfaces are observed at the Vertebral body of C7?
two (right/left uncinate)
217
What muscle(s) attach to the vertebral body of C7?
longus colli muscle.
218
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
Middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervices, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
219
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
Backward, upward, Medial (bum)
220
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
221
What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis and multifidis
222
What muscles attach to the spinous of C7?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis.
223
What is the average blood flow within the vertebral artery?
45ml/min
224
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral artery than women.
225
What is the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test.
226
Which side of the artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar insufficiency test.
ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation.
227
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
atlanto-axail interspace.
228
At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
atlanto-occipital interspace.
229
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
230
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1 and occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these areas.
231
What is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?
the basilar artery.
232
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior.
233
Which erector spinae muscles attach to C2?
iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis.
234
What joint classifications are present at C1?
synovial (diarthrosis) elliposoidal, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovail plane (diarthrosis arthroidia) and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis.
235
What joint classifications are present at C2?
(diarthrosis trochoid), synovail plane (diarthrosis arthroidia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, and cartilagenous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint.
236
What joint classificaitons are present for each typical cerivcals.
synovail plane (diarthrosis arthroidia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, and cartilagenous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint.
237
What joint classifications are present at C7?
synovail plane (diarthrosis arthroidia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, and cartilagenous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint.
238
What forms the boundaries for the exit of C1 Nerve from the spinal canal?
occipitial condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament.
239
What forms the anterior boundary for the exit of C2 Nerve from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament.
240
What forms the posterior boundary for the exit of C2 Nerve from the spinal canal?
the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2 and posterior atlanto-axial ligament.
241
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove.
242
What forms the anterior boundary for the exit of C8 Nerve from the spinal canal?
Vertebral bodies of C7 and T1, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, capsular ligament of the costocentral joint, superior costal facet of T1 and articular surface of the first rib.
243
What are the superior articular facet orientations for cervical vertebrae?
C1 - B,U,M
C2 - B,U,L
C3-C7- B,U,M
244
What are the inferior articular facet orientations for cervical vertebrae?
C1 - B,M,D
C2-C6- FoLD
C7 -ForMeD
245
What are the articular facet orientations for cervical vertebrae?
Sup.
C1 - B,U,M
C2 - B,U,L
C3-C7- B,U,M
Inferior.
C1 - B,M,D
C2-C6- FoLD
C7 -ForMeD
246
How many synovial joints are identified for each cevical vertebra?
```
C1= 5
C2= 8
C3-6= 8
C7= 6
```
247
How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
```
C1 = none (no body)
C2= 10 (5 on dens, 5 on inferior body)
C3-C6 = 10 (5 top, 5 bottom)
C7 = 8
```
248
Which thoracic segments are considered typical?
T2-T8
*remember T5-T8 have aortic impression.
249
Which thoracics are considered atypical?
T1, T9-T12
250
What features allow segregation between T2-4, and T5-T8 groups?
the vertebral body (aortic impression), transverse process, articular process, spinous process (angulation 40 vs. 60 degrees.)
251
What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?
the posterior height greater than anterior height by a few millimeters. (generates thoracic kyphotic)
252
What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic intervertebral disc?
rather planar/flat with no apparent height differences between anterior/posterior.
253
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of the typical thoracic?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, certilagenous (amphioarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
254
What are examples of fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joints at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
superior and inferior epiphyseal rim to A.L.L
| Superior and inferior epiphyseal rim to P.L.L
255
What are exmples of cartilagenous amphiarthrois) symphysis joint at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
superior epiphyseal rim to intervertebral disc
| inferior epiphyseal rim to intervertebral disc
256
What are examples of synovail plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joints at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
Right and left superior costal demi-facet to inferior articular surface of the rib head.
Right and left inferior costal demi-facet to superior articular surface of the rib head.
257
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
4
258
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
2
259
How many syndesmosis joint are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included.)
260
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically 10, (14 if you count costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
261
How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
4
262
What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the I.V.F. for the T6 nerve?
vertebral couple T6/T7
the inferior costal demi-facet of T6 will joint with the superior articular surface of the head of the 7th rib.
the superior costal demi-facet of T7 will joint with the inferior articular surfgace of the head of the 7th rib.
263
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?
the longus Colli
264
What is the angulation of the pedicle in the typical thoracic region?
10 to 15 degrees posterolateral from the saggital plane
265
Which X-ray view is used to see into the IVF of a typical thoracic?
the lateral view.
266
What is the nerve-vertebral body relationship in a typical thoracic region?
in the IVF, the number of the nerve is the same as the upper vertebral body.
267
What is the rib-vertebral body relationship in a typical thoracic region?
in the IVF, the number of the rib is the same as the lower Vertebral body.
268
What is the overlap of the lamina called in the thoracic region?
shingling
269
Whats is the outline of the vertebral foramen in the typical thoracic region?
oval to circular.
270
In which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?
the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter.
271
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
the superiorr costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments.
272
The superior costotransverse ligament of rib 5 will attach to which transverse procces.
That of T4
273
The superior costotransverse ligament of T4 Transverse process will attach to which rib
Rib 5
274
The inferior costotransverse ligament of T5 Transverse process will attach to which rib?
Rib 5
275
The lateral costotransverse ligament of T5 Transverse process will attach to which rib?
Rib 5
276
which muscls may attach to the tranvserve process of a typical thoracic?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis,
semispinalis thorcacis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis,
multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis.
277
How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T2-T4 region?
the superior articular process transverse diameter is greater than the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment.
278
How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T5-T8 region?
the superior articular process transverse diameter is equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment.
279
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
Backward, Upward, Lateral (BUL)
280
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
Forward, Downward, and Medial. (ForMeD)
281
How many synovial joints are present at a typical thoracic?
10
282
What are the synovial joint surfaces present at a typical Thoracic?
```
two superior costal demi-facets,
two inferior costal demi-facets,
two transverse costal facets,
two superior articular facets,
two inferior articular facets.
```
283
Identify the synovial joint surfaces associated with ribs for a typical thoracic.
two superior costal demi-facets,
two inferior costal demi-facets,
two transverse costal facets,
6 total for ribs.
284
What is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes in the thoracic region?
Imbrication.
285
Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of thoracics?
trapezius, lattismus dorsi (layer 1)
rhomboid major (layer 2)
serratus posteroir superior (layer 3)
spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis captitis (layer 4)
Semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis (layer 5)
286
Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of a typical thoracic are not included in any muscle layer of the back?
splenious cervicis, splenius capitis, and interspinalis.
287
What joint classifications are present at every typical thoracic vertebra?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, *ligaments
Cartilagneous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis *IVD
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) *ribs & zygapophyses.
288
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of T1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, *ligaments
Cartilagneous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis *IVD
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) *ribs & zygapophyses.
Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
289
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T1?
the longus colli
290
Which spinal nerve - vertebral notch or incisure combination is present at T1?
C8 spinal nerve - the superior vertebral notch or incisure of T1
T1 spinal nerve - the inferior vertebral notch or incisure.
291
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?
the inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse.
292
What ligament is abscent at the costotransverse joint of T1?
the superior costotransverse.
293
What muscles attache to the transverse process of T1?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capititis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costorum brevis.
294
What name is used to identify the topographical landmark at the base of the neck?
vertebral prominence.
295
Which vertebrae have been identified as forming the vertebral prominence?
C6, C7, T1
296
What is the gender bias associated with T1 as the vertebral prominence?
males (9%) more likely than females (6%) to demonstrate T1 as the vertebral prominence.
297
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?
the trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervics, spinalis capitis.
semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis.
298
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of T1?
they face backward, upward and lateral (BUL)
299
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of T1?
ForMeD
300
How Many Synovial joints present @ T1?
10
301
How many synovaiol joints @ t1 are for ribs?
6
302
What is the principle cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body height difference
303
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T9?
four
304
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of t9?
10 (14 if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
305
What ligaments attach to the Transverse of T9?
intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superioer costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments.
306
The superior costotransverse ligament of T9 will attach to which rib?
Rib 10. (named in relation to rib not TVP)
307
Which muscles attach to the TVP of T9?
longissiumus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis.
308
How many synovial joints present @ T9?
10
309
Which is the last thoracic vertebra to have an inferior costal demi-facet?
T9
310
What muscles attach to the spinous of T9?
trapezius, latissmimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis.
311
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of 10?
8 (12 if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
312
Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?
T10
313
How many synovial joints are present at T10?
8
314
A dimpling of the skin in the thoracic region is associated with what segment?
T10
315
What name is given to T11?
Anticlinal Vertebra
316
What part of the transverse process is abscent at T11?
the transverse costal facet.
317
What ligaments will form the costotranvserve joint atr T11?
Superior costotransvere ligament, slight inferior costotransvere ligament and a lateral costotransvere ligament
318
what muscles attach to the TVP of T11?
longissimus thoracis, sempispinalis thoracis, mutlifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis.
319
How many synovial joints are present at T11?
6
320
What muscles attach to the spinous of T11?
trapezius, latissmimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis.
321
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?
8
322
Which muscles attach to the verterbal body of T12?
psoas major and psoas minor.
323
What does the superior tubercle of T12 represent?
Mammillary process of lumbar vertebrae.
324
What does the inferior tubercle of T12 represent?
the accessory process of lumabr vertebrae
325
What ligaments will form the costotransverse joint of the 12th rib?
the superior costotransverse ligaments from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1.
