Quiz12 Ch43 Sensory

Question 0

what is it when the body’s response to a drug decreases and greater amounts are needed for the desired effect

Answer 0

Tolerance

Question 1

How do drugs alter mood?

Answer 1

by increasing or decreasing the concentrations of specific neurotransmitters within the brain

Question 2

Peripheral nervous system consists of…

Answer 2

sensory receptors and nerves

Question 3

what are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system and what do each of them do

Answer 3

• Somatic division: responds to changes in external environment
• Autonomic division: regulates internal activities of the body

Question 4

In the PNS, what are Afferent and Efferent nerves

Answer 4

• Afferent: (Sensory) nerves that transmit signals from receptors to CNS
• Efferent: (Motor) nerves that transmit signals from CNS To Effectors-skeletal muscles and glands

Question 5

What are the 2 nerve divisions in the Autonomic System(PNS), whats an example of how they work

Answer 5

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- function in opposite ways

Ex: Symp. Increases heart rate, Parasymp. Decreases

Question 6

In humans, a sensory organ would be most directly connected to___

Answer 6

an Afferent neuron

Question 7

what are sensory receptors and accessory cells considered

Answer 7

Sense Organs

Question 8

what are neuron endings or specialized receptor cells in close contact with neurons

Answer 8

Sensory receptors

Question 9

What are generally specialized Nerve endings, not receptor cells

Answer 9

Thermoreceptors

Question 10

3 ways some animals use thermoreceptors

Answer 10

• to locate endothermic prey
• to find an endothermic host
• provide cues about body temp(all endothermic animals)

Question 11

whats a way many animals use Electroreceptors

- how do fish use it

Answer 11

to detect Earth’s magnetic field

• some animals orient by magnetic fields
• migratory animals navigate by mag. fields

Used by fishes to detect prey muscle movements or communicate

Question 12

What are pain receptors which respond to Extremes of many stimuli, Free of nerve end of certain sensory neurons in almost Every tissue

Answer 12

Nociceptors

Question 13

what kind of receptors respond to touch pressure gravity stretch and movement

Answer 13

mechanoreceptors

Question 14

which kind of receptors respond to to strong tactile stimuli, temperature extremes, and certain chemicals

Answer 14

Nociceptors

Question 15

Mechanoreceptors transduce ____ ____

• allow animals to ….
• activated by ___ ___

Answer 15

transduce mechanical energy

• feel hear, maintain balance
• shape change (push or pull)

Question 16

Which type of receptors respond to displacement of hairs or receptor cells themselves
(MANY Types)

Answer 16

Tactile (touch) receptors

Question 17

what type of receptors respond to tension(position) and movement

Answer 17

Proprioceptors

Question 18

Proprioceptors allow animals to…

- what are 3 structures included

Answer 18

perceive body orientation and positions of its’ parts

• muscle spindles
• Golgi tendon organs
• joint receptors (movement in ligaments)

Question 19

Which type of receptor is probably the most numerous and active receptors

Answer 19

Proprioceptors

Question 20

which part of the brain would use info from the proprioceptors to coordinate muscle movements? (unconscious)

Answer 20

cerebellum

Question 21

what is found the lateral line of fishes but the inner ear of vertebrates? what is it used for

Answer 21

vertebrate hair cells - have 2 types of cilia for detection of movement often covered with a cupula

Question 22

what do lateral line organs inform animals of

Answer 22

moving objects or objects in its’ path

Question 23

in the vertebrate inner ear, what does the Vestibular apparatus contain. In what part of the labyrinth (upper or lower)

Answer 23

upper part of labyrinth

- contains saccule, utricle, and semicircular canals

Question 24

what does the labyrinth in the inner ear help, what does it consist of (structurally)

Answer 24

helps maintain equilibrium by fluid-filled chambers and canals

Question 25

Where are Otoliths located(2). What do they enable an animal to perceive and how?

Answer 25

- in Saccule and Utricle - enable animal to perceive Direction of Gravity by changing position when head is tilted/when body is accelerating and stimulating hair cells that signal to the brain

Question 26

in the ear, what informs the brain about Turning movements and how

Answer 26

``` Circular Canals (oriented in 3 planes) - clumps of hair in each Ampullae (bulblike enlargements) are stimulated by movements of fluid that fills each canal ```

Question 27

(The path of sound) | Movements stimulate hair cells of the _____ by rubbing them against the overlying _____

Answer 27

Organ of Corti | - Tectorial membrane

Question 28

what is the difference/similarity between Olfaction (smell) and Gustation(taste) chemoreceptors?

Answer 28

>Olfaction - samples Small quantities of molecules Away from the source > Gustation - samples Large quantities of molecules Directly from the source > Both depend on a dissolved molecule fitting into a receptor on a cell

Question 29

what type of receptor use pigments to transduce light energy

Answer 29

photoreceptors

Question 30

what is the major photoreceptor Pigment in animals

Answer 30

Rhodopsin

Question 31

what type of animals are eyespots found in? What do they do

Answer 31

- detect light but dont form images | - found in Cnidarians and Flatworms

Question 32

(human eye) Light enters through the ___ is focused by the ___ produces an image on the ____ amount of light entering is regulated by the ____

Answer 32

enters cornea focused by lens image on Retina light regulate by Iris

Question 33

In the retina which type of receptors are most abundant, function in dim light and form images in black and white

Answer 33

Rods

Question 34

In the retina which type of receptors are concentrated near the center, function in Bright light, and permit color vision

Answer 34

Cones

Question 35

In the retina what do Bipolar cells do

Answer 35

send signals to Ganglion cells

Question 36

what combination of systems does the vertebrate circulatory system consist of

Answer 36

cardiovascular and immune/lymphatic systems plus associate organs

Question 37

the vertebrate circulatory system transports . . .(4) helps maintain . . . (3) and defends against microrganisms

Answer 37

transports nutrients oxygen wastes and hormones | - maintains fluid balance, pH, and temp

Question 38

what kinds of neurons would be most directly involved in speeding up the heart beat??

Answer 38

Sympathetic

Question 39

What is Plasma | what is one kind of plasma Protein

Answer 39

the intercellular matrix of blood | - fibrinogen, some are antibodies

Question 40

what are Erythrocytes

Answer 40

Red blood cells

Question 41

what is the red pigment in red blood cells that binds with oxygen - what do Erythrocytes transport/help transport(2 things)

Answer 41

hemoglobin | - Oxygen/ CO2

Question 42

what are Leukocytes and what is their role in the body

Answer 42

white blood cells | - defend body against disease organisms

Question 43

what kind of cells in the body are semi-independent amoeboid cells

Answer 43

white blood cells/Leukocytes

Question 44

what are 60% of WBCs that perform Phagocytosis ? | Neutrophils or Lymphocytes

Answer 44

Neutrophils

Question 45

what are 25-35%of WBCs that make Antibodies and destroy foreign cells ? Neutrophils or Lymphocytes

Answer 45

Lymphocytes

Question 46

what are fragments of cells with membrane and No nuceus

Answer 46

Platelets (clotting)

Question 47

which type of blood vessels carry blood Away from the heart | - which Return blood to the heart

Answer 47

- arteries | - veins

Question 48

(blood vessels) | smooth muscle causes _____ and _____

Answer 48

- constriction and Dilation

Question 49

Metarterioles directly connect what?

Answer 49

venules and arterioles

Question 50

______ branch off metarterioles

Answer 50

capillaries

Question 51

what are capillaries and what do they allow materials to transfer between?

Answer 51

thin-walled exchange vessels that allow materials to transfer between blood and tissues