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Biology > Quiz12 Ch43 Sensory > Flashcards

Quiz12 Ch43 Sensory Flashcards

0
Q

what is it when the body’s response to a drug decreases and greater amounts are needed for the desired effect

A

Tolerance

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1
Q

How do drugs alter mood?

A

by increasing or decreasing the concentrations of specific neurotransmitters within the brain

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system consists of…

A

sensory receptors and nerves

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3
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system and what do each of them do

A
  • Somatic division: responds to changes in external environment
  • Autonomic division: regulates internal activities of the body
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4
Q

In the PNS, what are Afferent and Efferent nerves

A
  • Afferent: (Sensory) nerves that transmit signals from receptors to CNS
  • Efferent: (Motor) nerves that transmit signals from CNS To Effectors-skeletal muscles and glands
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5
Q

What are the 2 nerve divisions in the Autonomic System(PNS), whats an example of how they work

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- function in opposite ways

Ex: Symp. Increases heart rate, Parasymp. Decreases

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6
Q

In humans, a sensory organ would be most directly connected to___

A

an Afferent neuron

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7
Q

what are sensory receptors and accessory cells considered

A

Sense Organs

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8
Q

what are neuron endings or specialized receptor cells in close contact with neurons

A

Sensory receptors

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9
Q

What are generally specialized Nerve endings, not receptor cells

A

Thermoreceptors

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10
Q

3 ways some animals use thermoreceptors

A
  • to locate endothermic prey
  • to find an endothermic host
  • provide cues about body temp(all endothermic animals)
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11
Q

whats a way many animals use Electroreceptors

- how do fish use it

A

to detect Earth’s magnetic field

  • some animals orient by magnetic fields
  • migratory animals navigate by mag. fields

Used by fishes to detect prey muscle movements or communicate

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12
Q

What are pain receptors which respond to Extremes of many stimuli, Free of nerve end of certain sensory neurons in almost Every tissue

A

Nociceptors

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13
Q

what kind of receptors respond to touch pressure gravity stretch and movement

A

mechanoreceptors

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14
Q

which kind of receptors respond to to strong tactile stimuli, temperature extremes, and certain chemicals

A

Nociceptors

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15
Q

Mechanoreceptors transduce ____ ____

  • allow animals to ….
  • activated by ___ ___
A

transduce mechanical energy

  • feel hear, maintain balance
  • shape change (push or pull)
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16
Q

Which type of receptors respond to displacement of hairs or receptor cells themselves
(MANY Types)

A

Tactile (touch) receptors

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17
Q

what type of receptors respond to tension(position) and movement

A

Proprioceptors

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18
Q

Proprioceptors allow animals to…

- what are 3 structures included

A

perceive body orientation and positions of its’ parts

  • muscle spindles
  • Golgi tendon organs
  • joint receptors (movement in ligaments)
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19
Q

Which type of receptor is probably the most numerous and active receptors

A

Proprioceptors

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20
Q

which part of the brain would use info from the proprioceptors to coordinate muscle movements? (unconscious)

A

cerebellum

21
Q

what is found the lateral line of fishes but the inner ear of vertebrates? what is it used for

A

vertebrate hair cells - have 2 types of cilia for detection of movement often covered with a cupula

22
Q

what do lateral line organs inform animals of

A

moving objects or objects in its’ path

23
Q

in the vertebrate inner ear, what does the Vestibular apparatus contain. In what part of the labyrinth (upper or lower)

A

upper part of labyrinth

- contains saccule, utricle, and semicircular canals

24
Q

what does the labyrinth in the inner ear help, what does it consist of (structurally)

A

helps maintain equilibrium by fluid-filled chambers and canals

25
Q

Where are Otoliths located(2). What do they enable an animal to perceive and how?

A
  • in Saccule and Utricle
  • enable animal to perceive Direction of Gravity by changing position when head is tilted/when body is accelerating and stimulating hair cells that signal to the brain
26
Q

in the ear, what informs the brain about Turning movements and how

A 
Circular Canals (oriented in 3 planes)
- clumps of hair in each Ampullae (bulblike enlargements) are stimulated by movements of fluid that fills each canal
27
Q

(The path of sound)

Movements stimulate hair cells of the _____ by rubbing them against the overlying _____

A

Organ of Corti

- Tectorial membrane

28
Q

what is the difference/similarity between Olfaction (smell) and Gustation(taste) chemoreceptors?

A

> Olfaction - samples Small quantities of molecules Away from the source
Gustation - samples Large quantities of molecules Directly from the source
Both depend on a dissolved molecule fitting into a receptor on a cell

29
Q

what type of receptor use pigments to transduce light energy

A

photoreceptors

30
Q

what is the major photoreceptor Pigment in animals

A

Rhodopsin

31
Q

what type of animals are eyespots found in? What do they do

A
  • detect light but dont form images

- found in Cnidarians and Flatworms

32
Q

(human eye)
Light enters through the ___ is focused by the ___ produces an image on the ____
amount of light entering is regulated by the ____

A

enters cornea
focused by lens
image on Retina
light regulate by Iris

33
Q

In the retina which type of receptors are most abundant, function in dim light and form images in black and white

A

Rods

34
Q

In the retina which type of receptors are concentrated near the center, function in Bright light, and permit color vision

A

Cones

35
Q

In the retina what do Bipolar cells do

A

send signals to Ganglion cells

36
Q

what combination of systems does the vertebrate circulatory system consist of

A

cardiovascular and immune/lymphatic systems plus associate organs

37
Q

the vertebrate circulatory system transports . . .(4) helps maintain . . . (3) and defends against microrganisms

A

transports nutrients oxygen wastes and hormones

- maintains fluid balance, pH, and temp

38
Q

what kinds of neurons would be most directly involved in speeding up the heart beat??

A

Sympathetic

39
Q

What is Plasma

what is one kind of plasma Protein

A

the intercellular matrix of blood

- fibrinogen, some are antibodies

40
Q

what are Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

41
Q

what is the red pigment in red blood cells that binds with oxygen
- what do Erythrocytes transport/help transport(2 things)

A

hemoglobin

- Oxygen/ CO2

42
Q

what are Leukocytes and what is their role in the body

A

white blood cells

- defend body against disease organisms

43
Q

what kind of cells in the body are semi-independent amoeboid cells

A

white blood cells/Leukocytes

44
Q

what are 60% of WBCs that perform Phagocytosis ?

Neutrophils or Lymphocytes

A

Neutrophils

45
Q

what are 25-35%of WBCs that make Antibodies and destroy foreign cells ?
Neutrophils or Lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes

46
Q

what are fragments of cells with membrane and No nuceus

A

Platelets (clotting)

47
Q

which type of blood vessels carry blood Away from the heart

- which Return blood to the heart

A
  • arteries

- veins

48
Q

(blood vessels)

smooth muscle causes _____ and _____

A
  • constriction and Dilation
49
Q

Metarterioles directly connect what?

A

venules and arterioles

50
Q

______ branch off metarterioles

A

capillaries

51
Q

what are capillaries and what do they allow materials to transfer between?

A

thin-walled exchange vessels that allow materials to transfer between blood and tissues

Biology (14 decks)

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