Quizzes Flashcards by 1a agostin

Retrieving information from memory can best be characterized as:

A) A passive process that does not change the information stored in memory

B) An unhelpful study tool that does not help you learn new information

C) A dynamic process that alters or changes the information stored in memory

D) A process that only helps you learn if you are successful in retrieving the right information

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Which of the following CORRECTLY characterizes cognition?

A) Cognition refers to the collection of mental processes used in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding

B) The only way to study cognition is to understand the neurological processes that control our actions.

C) Cognition is a physiological response to mental actions.

D) All of cognition is innate.

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Repeatedly re-reading your study notes is:

A) A good strategy for studying for exams

B) Likely to lead students to falsely believe they have learned the material

C) Better than struggling to retrieve sought-after information from memory

D) Just as effective as retrieval practice

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Which of the following is a criticism of the behaviourist movement?

A) Unscientific, not rigorous

B) Did not yield any useful insights

C) Ignores mental processes

D) b & c

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Students’ tendency to underestimate the impact of further studying, while overestimating the ability to remember something in the future is referred to as:

A) Principle of Constancy

B) Consistency Illusion

C) Fluency Belief

D) Stability Bias

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Which of the following factors might produce an illusion of knowing?

A) Distributed practice

B) Interleaving different study items

C) Perceptual fluency

D) None of the above

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Becoming sophisticated as a learner requires which of the following?

A) Relying more heavily on our intuitions regarding best study practices

B) Becoming attuned to factors that bias our assessment of learning

C) Learning to more effectively re-read study notes

D) None of the above

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Which of the following statements regarding manipulations such as spacing and interleaving is TRUE?

A) These manipulations often produce an immediate sense of knowing, but poor long-term retention

B) These manipulations often produce an immediate sense of knowing, and enhance long-term retention

C) These manipulations do not produce an immediate sense of knowing and are largely ineffective techniques for studying

D) These manipulations do not produce an immediate sense of knowing but are effective ways to enhance long-term retention

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Compared to the experimental method, introspection is:

A) concerned with individual perspectives

B) does not involve statistics

C) subjective

D) all of the above

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What does the term “metacognition” refer to?

A) The subprocesses that contribute to cognition

B) The knowledge people have about the way that cognitive processes work

C) The sense of self

D) Cognition without awareness

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Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a) Perception follows directly from sensation

b) Perception is influenced by action-relevant object properties

c) Perception is entirely bottom-up or stimulus-driven

d) Perception does not involve inferential processes

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Which of the following brain areas is NOT part of the ventral pathway?

a) parahippocampal place area

b) fusiform face area

c) extrastriate body area

d) ventral tegmental area

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What cue does the brain use to “see” depth?

a) Colour Constancy

b) Depth Metrics

c) Binocular Disparity

d) Spatial Frequency

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When asked to identify objects in a series of photographs, Jana mistakes a coffee pot for a bowling ball, and a banana for a hairbrush. Jana appears to have which of the following?

a) Blindsight

b) Process dissociation

c) Amblyopia

d) Visual agnosia

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Which of the following phenomena support the idea that faces are processed holistically?

a) face inversion effect

b) prosopagnosia

c) composite face effect

d) a & c only

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Which of the following is a fundamental assumption of Gestalt Psychology?

a) Percepts are built up by adding together a set of basic sensory units.

b) The whole that is perceived is greater than the sum of its parts.

c) The parts that are perceived are greater than the whole.

d) Object recognition is a data-driven process.

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Patient VK cannot accurately reach for objects despite being able to identify them visually. What condition does VK suffer from?

a) Prosopagnosia

b) Visual agnosia

c) Akinetopsia

d) Optic ataxia

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Patient DF suffers from visual agnosia. Which of the following tasks is she unable to accomplish?

a) Reach for and grasp a card with her hand

b) Identify and name a card or a slot presented to her visually

c) Match the orientation of a card in her hand to the orientation of a slot

d) Post a card in her hand through a slot

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What does the word superiority effect assert?

a) People more accurately identify a single letter if it was previously presented in isolation than in a real word.

b) People more accurately identify a single letter if it was previously presented in a real-word context than in isolation.

c) People more accurately identify a single letter if it was previously presented in a non-word context that was not pronounceable than in isolation.

d) People more accurately identify a word if it is presented with a group of words that begin with the same letter.

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What is denotivity?

a) The degree to which an object is meaningful and familiar to an observer

b) The degree to which the context aids an observer’s identification of an object

c) The degree to which objects are associated with each other conceptually

d) The degree to which two objects are separated in time and space

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Why does the Stroop effect occur?

a) Reading words is an automatic process whereas naming the colours of words is a controlled process, which causes interference between the two processes.

b) Reading non-words is an automatic process whereas naming the colours of words is a controlled process, which causes interference between the two processes.

c) Reading words is a controlled process whereas naming the colours of words is an automatic process, which causes interference between the two processes.

d) It takes longer to perceive colour in general.

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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding divided attention?

a) Dual-task costs disappear with practice.

b) The degree of dual-task interference depends on the similarity between the two tasks.

c) Talking on a cell phone when driving is just as bad as talking to a passenger.

d) Tasks that are extremely dissimilar do not interfere with one another

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Endogenous shifts of attention are ________.

a) involuntary and determined by external stimuli

b) involuntary and determined by our goals

c) voluntary and determined by external stimuli

d) voluntary and determined by our goals

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In the literature on visual attention, what term refers to the movement of the eyes during the act of attending?

a) Covert attention

b) Subjective attention

c) Overt attention

d) Tracking attention

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The cocktail party phenomenon refers to which of the following possibilities? a) When you are able to attend to multiple conversations at once in a crowded room that has many ongoing conversations b) When you are able to attend to none of the conversations in a crowded room that has many ongoing conversations c) When you are able to attend to one conversation in a crowded room that has many ongoing conversations d) When you are unable to attend a cocktail party

Which neurological syndrome is characterized by an inability to "see" information on one side of visual space? a) visual neglect b) blindsight c) optic ataxia d) visual agnosia

Participants asked to pay close attention to the number of basketball passes made by a team of players may fail to notice a person in a gorilla suit entering the scene. What is this an example of? a) Attention capture b) Change blindness c) Inattentional blindness d) A dichotic looking task

Inhibition of return is evident in which task? a) The peripheral cueing paradigm b) The Stroop Task c) The sustained attention to response task d) The central cueing paradigm

In Mack and Rock (1998), people were shown various stimuli while attempting to judge the relative lengths of two intersecting lines. What kind of stimulus was detected most often? a) Circles b) Squares c) Faces d) Lines

"Switch costs" during task switching refers to what? a) The fact that performance on a task immediately after a switch is worse than typical performance on the same task b) The fact that performance on a task immediately after a switch is better than typical performance on the same task c) The fact that performance on a task immediately before a switch is worse than typical performance on the same task d) The fact that performance on a task immediately before a switch is better than typical performance on the same task

The memory described in the statement, "I cut myself with a sharp knife in our kitchen yesterday," is an example of which type of memory? Implicit memory Semantic memory Explicit memory Episodic memory

Participants are shown pairs of words on a computer screen. On each trial, the participants are asked to make a lexical decision about each word, the first member of the pair is presented in isolation and disappears before the second word appears. If the word is DOG, people will more quickly make a lexical decision to this second word if it is preceded by which word? GOD CAT COW DOLL

Which of the following is an example of an episodic memory? I remember playing in my first hockey tournament: we won! I start to wince as soon as I sit in the dentist's chair for a check-up. I know that cabbage tastes bitter. I know how to ride a bike.

Which component of working memory organizes information from other subsystems with information from long-term memory? Central executive Phonological loop Episodic buffer Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Idris has had a song "running through her head" for the past ten minutes. Which component of working memory is most directly implicated in this experience? Central executive Phonological loop Episodic buffer Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Deep processing may lead to improved memory performance because it facilitates retrieval. How exactly does this happen? Deep processing forms many connections between the current item and previous knowledge Deep processing causes items to be kept in working memory Deep processing encourages the use of mnemonics Deep processing forms fewer retrieval paths, making the correct path easier to access

Which type of memory refers to the storage and utilization of knowledge about words and concepts, their properties, and their interrelations? Implicit memory Semantic memory Explicit memory Episodic memory

A 3 X 3 matrix of letters is flashed on a screen for 100 milliseconds (ms). The participant is then asked to report the letters from the middle row using a medium-pitched tone as a signal. This is an example of a(n): Whole-report procedure Verbal-report procedure Visual-report procedure Partial-report procedure

Which type of memory refers to the storage and retrieval of temporally dated, spatially located, and personally experienced events? Implicit memory Semantic memory Explicit memory Episodic memory

What concept is typically used to explain semantic priming effects? Word activation Spreading activation Feature activation Network activation

According to Loftus and Palmer (1974), which verb elicited the fastest estimates of a car's speed during a traffic accident? Question 1 options: Smashed Bumped Collided Hit

Terry is studying for her final exam and she is angry with her little brother because he is being too loud. Under what circumstances during her exam is Terry more likely to recall the material she was studying? Question 2 options: It she is in an even worse mood during the exam If she is angry during the exam If she is calm during the exam If she is in a better mood during the exam

Several researchers have compared brain activity during the learning process for words that were later remembered or forgotten. Which of the following is NOT consistent with their findings? Question 3 options: Increased activity in the hippocampus was associated with better retention Increased activity in the prefrontal cortex was associated with better retention Exposure to an item is enough for retention Learning is an active process

In which phenomenon is misrepresentative post-event information integrated with the original event information? Question 4 options: Misinformation effect Integration effect Misleading effect Source confusion effect

Daniel has just taken part in a research study in which he spent several hours trying to recall his childhood memories. After a while, Daniel realized that he has practically no episodic memories from the first three years of his life. What is the name for this phenomenon? Question 5 options: The forgetting curve Infantile amnesia The memory bump Ribot's law of retrograde amnesia

Which of the following statements about processing fluency is NOT accurate? Question 6 options: Processing fluency is associated with improved source memory Exposure to an item can cause it to be processed more fluently in the future Fluency can lead people to correctly identify an object as familiar Fluency can lead people to incorrectly identify an object as familiar

Which of the following students is making an accurate statement about memory? Question 7 options: Celso: "Drug use has been observed to reduce overall learning by one-third." Adeline: "Scuba divers who learn word lists underwater are better able to recall those word lists when they are again underwater." Kelly: "Studying in the same room where an exam will be held is unlikely to help you remember the material better." Both A and C are accurate statements about memory.

Which of the following tasks is the LEAST appropriate as a means of testing implicit memory? Lexical Decision Word-stem completion Direct memory testing Repetition priming in tachistoscopic recognition

After studying a list of words, Jeremy is given a series of word stems and is asked to complete them with a word that was not in the study list. This is an example of: Inclusion condition Implicit condition Exclusion condition Misinformation condition

Which statement accurately characterizes memory: Memories are more or less accurate records of what someone experienced False memories cannot be implanted Flashbulb memories are always remembered better than everyday memories Memory is best thought of as a process of active re-construction

On Trial 18 of a sentence-verification task, participants see the sentence, "A robin is a bird." On Trial 42 they see, "A penguin is a bird." According to prototype theory, we should expect faster responses to: "robin" because participants more readily see the resemblance between "robin" and the bird prototype. "penguin" because penguins are a unique bird and thus easily identified. "robin" because of response priming. "penguin" because penguins are higher in typicality.

It seems unlikely that our conceptual knowledge is represented by mental definitions because: each person has his or her own idea about how concepts should be defined many of our abstract concepts (e.g., justice, love, God) are difficult to define it is easy to find exceptions to any proposed definition. most of our concepts are difficult to express in words.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Plaques and tangles are only found in the brains of people who showed signs of Alzheimer's. Alzheimer's Disease is often associated with a decline in declarative memory The appearance of plaques and tangles can occur decades before onset of symptoms. Eventually, Alzheimer's Disease is associated with degeneration in brain regions outside the medial temporal lobes.

Which of the following is true of prototype theory: proposes that new exemplars are categorized based on their similarity to previously studied exemplars stored in memory predicts that high distortion exemplars are categorized better than low distortion exemplars prototype theory is another name for the classical view of concepts proposes people represent categories by forming a prototype representation that captures the central tendency of that category

According to exemplar-based theories of mental categories, participants classify an object by comparing it to a: prototype single remembered instance of a category definition mental image

Which of the following statements is TRUE? Capgras Syndrome occurs only in the context of psychiatric disease. Patients with delusional misidentification problems only have delusions that involve other people with whom they share a close emotional bond. Capgras Syndrome results from an inability to feel emotions. Capgras Syndrome cannot be cured by presenting patients with evidence that contradicts their delusional belief.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? H.M. suffered from generalized cognitive impairment. H.M. had primarily retrograde amnesia. H.M. had an impairment in all forms of memory. H.M. had primarily anterograde amnesia with limited retrograde amnesia

Patients with Capgras Syndrome: exhibit a normal skin conductance response to pictures of loved ones involved in their delusional belief are often resistant to counter-evidence that is inconsistent with their delusional belief have a disconnection between brain areas that identify a person, and areas that generate an emotional response b & c

Which of the following is true regarding Alzheimer’s disease? It is associated with plaques and tangles in post-mortem brain tissue It begins with impairment in knowledge of facts It begins with impairment of episodic memory a & c

Basic-level categories have all of the following traits EXCEPT: if asked simply to describe an object, participants are likely to use the basic-level term. basic-level categories are usually represented in the language by a single word. basic-level descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general descriptions basic-level terms are acquired by children at a younger age than either more specific or more general terms

The rules that govern how words are arranged in a language is called ________. semantics transformational grammar syntax phonology

Which of the following provides an example of phrase-structure ambiguity? I saw the bear with my binoculars. (Who had the binoculars?) He paid a lot for the ball. (Was it a round toy or a formal party?) She loves a good whine. (This can be heard as “a good wine.”) We saw it. (The reference of “it” is unspecified.)

What did the study involving the "tuk" conclude? That prototype theory is sufficient to account for categorization behaviour That exemplar theory is sufficient to account for categorization behaviour That domain-specific knowledge influences how people categorize new information That the basic-level category description is preferred

Parsing is LEAST likely to be influenced by: semantics. statistical probabilities in the language. context. the number of words in a sentence.

Which level of categorization is most impaired in late stage semantic dementia (SD)? Superordinate Subordinate Basic Taxonomic

Why did initial studies on categorization use artificial stimuli like dot patterns? To isolate processes involved in categorization uncontaminated by prior knowledge To examine how basic patterns are learned To show that the same conclusions are reached with artificial stimuli as when more naturalistic stimuli are used Because of technological limitations in computing power

Research has shown that genetic factors contribute to language acquisition. For example, some people have an inherited syndrome known as specific language impairment. These people typically: have underdeveloped muscles needed for speech production. have damage to Wernicke’s area. are less likely to learn and use the rules of linguistics. also show an impairment in intelligence.

Which of the following is fundamental to both prototype and exemplar theory? Particular instances Central tendency Similarity Expertise

Participant M speaks a language with a variety of color words, while Participant Q speaks a language that only differentiates between light and dark. Who is more likely to have more specific color discrimination? Participant M Participant Q They will have equal color perception. We cannot tell based on this evidence.

Experts in a given domain tend to categorize information within that domain differently than novices. How does their categorization differ? Experts see finer-grained distinctions between different pieces of information Experts can better extract commonalities between different pieces of information Novices are more likely to lump information together based on superficial properties, therefore creating fewer overall categories Experts are just quicker at categorizing

Several authors have proposed that we are generally aware of the ________ of our own thoughts even though we are usually unaware of the ________ of thought decision-making processes; products implicit mechanisms; explicit mechanisms product; processes inferences; strategies

Which neural area is responsible for consciousness? brainstem hindbrain There is no single area that is responsible for consciousness. frontal lobe

To study unconscious perception, Jeff briefly flashes a series of words followed by a visual mask to participants. For each person, he adjusts the duration of the words such that participants are unable to see the words. He then presents two clearly visible words to participants and asks them to indicate which word was meaningfully related to the first word that they didn't see. This approach would be an example of: qualitative differences method exclusion condition inclusion condition dissociation method

Much of our current understanding of consciousness derives from: an increased sophistication in our ability to analyze introspective reports. subjective reports, although these had been deemed unscientific in the past. chronometric studies. studies of what can be done in the absence of consciousness.

Studies using the dissociation method have been criticized on the grounds that the measure used to assess whether information was consciously perceived may not measure all relevant conscious processes. Therefore, this measure would violate which assumption? Exclusiveness Homogeneity Exhaustiveness Inferential

In backward masking experiments, the objective threshold is the level at which people do which of the following? Detect the target at chance level Always detect the target Detect the target at above chance level Never detect the target

Why is the unconscious called “irresistible”? There are no limits to what the unconscious can achieve. Our unconscious is inflexible, making it difficult to adjust or overrule routines. It is a sexy topic for psychologists to study. Freud coined the phrase, and it is still in use today.

Alex is a blind-sight patient. He does not reach out for objects, but he avoids them when walking. He has ________ consciousness but not ________ consciousness. qualia; phenomenal phenomenal; access overt; covert access; phenomenal

Which of these tasks is LEAST likely to be resolved with the use of unconscious processes? a task that elicits strong stimulus-based actions a task that can be guided by habits a task that involves an already established routine a task that has been previously well practiced but needs to be changed for a particular occasion

Marcel (1980) demonstrated which of the following phenomena? That stroop effects occur only when people can consciously perceive the word That stroop effects can occur when people do not consciously perceive the word That evidence of unconscious perception can be obtained when stimuli are presented below the subjective threshold, but not when they are presented below the objective threshold That the proportion of congruent trials influences the size of the stroop effect only when participants can consciously perceive the word

What is the effect of suppressing the inner voice during silent reading, according to Rayner et al. (2016)? Better comprehension No effect Better visual processing Impairment in comprehension

Jeff is highly susceptible to hypnotic suggestion. After it is suggested to him that he should perceive words as meaningless symbols, he is asked to name the colour in which different colour words are printed. Which of following options would most likely describe Jeff's performance? Slower reaction times (RTs) to incongruent (i.e., the word BLUE printed in green) than congruent (i.e., the word BLUE printed in blue) trials Slower reaction times (RTs) to congruent (i.e., the word BLUE printed in blue) than incongruent (i.e., the word BLUE printed in green) trials Equal reaction times (RTs) to congruent (i.e., the word BLUE printed in blue) and incongruent (i.e., the word BLUE printed in green) trials Faster reaction times (RTs) to congruent (i.e., the word BLUE printed in blue) than incongruent (i.e., the word BLUE printed in green) trials

In which region of the brain is there a difference between high and low hypnotizable people? Frontal lobe Rostrum of corpus callosum Anterior cingulate cortex Auditory cortex

Which of the following techniques are emphasized in speed reading courses? Elimination of regressive saccades Eliminate inner speech Take in more information with each fixation All of the above

When trying to remember my grocery list, I picture myself walking through my house and try to associate each item on the list with objects I encounter as I move through the house. Which mnemonic technique is this an example of? Method of Loci Peg Method Imaginative Method Spatial Method

The idea that instructors should tailor delivery of course material to the learning style of an individual student is referred to as the _____ hypothesis? Specificity Optimal Learning Meshing Individualistic

Hannah recently received a mark of 40% on her biology exam. She interprets this mark as evidence that she simply isn't smart enough to learn biology. Which mindset does this attitude most closely align with? Depressed mindset Growth mindset Achievement mindset Fixed mindset

Which of the following statements is true of learning styles? Evidence largely supports the existence of different learning styles Evidence supports the existence of learning preferences, but not learning styles Emphasis on learning styles in the classroom can have positive effects on learning outcomes Learning styles refer to an individuals' preferred method of content delivery

Which of the following is true regarding reading with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP)? RSVP reading always leads to poor comprehension People are able to comprehend single sentences presented using RSVP at 600 words per minute (wpm) Reading entire passages with the RSVP method yields the same comprehension levels as conventional reading RSVP reading is helpful because it eliminates regressive saccades

Which of the following techniques is NOT a mnemonic device? Method of Suggestion Acronyms Method of Loci Peg Method