W9_lec3

Question 1

There are more than _______ languages in the world
a) 1000
b) 5000
c) 7000
d) 10000

Answer 1

c

Question 2

psycholinguistics is the psychology of language ________, _________, ___________, and _________.

Answer 2

acquisition, production, comprehension, representation

Question 3

Describe the following
a) phonology
b) syntax
c) semantics

Answer 3

a) the sound pattern of language (rhyming)
b) the grammatical organization of words in a sentence
c) the meaning of words/sentences

Question 4

T or F - it is impossible to have syntax w/out semantics as a sentence is only grammatically correct if it makes sense

Answer 4

F - colorless green ideas sleep furiously

Question 5

What is a sentence?

Answer 5

a coherent sequence of words that express the intention of the speaker

Question 6

a) What are morphemes?
b) provide an example of a morpheme that can stand alone
c) provide an example of a bound morpheme

Answer 6

a) smallest language units that carry meaning
b) talk, umpire, see
c) past-tense morpheme ‘ed’ or plural morpheme ‘s’

Question 7

what are phonemes?

Answer 7

smallest unit of sound that can serve to distinguish words in language

Question 8

How are morphemes and phonemes related?

Answer 8

phonemes convert/translate morphemes into a form (sound) that can be perceived (heard)

Question 9

fill in the blanks using the following
a) word
b) phoneme
c) sentence
d) phrase
e) morpheme

Answer 9

a) yellow
b) orange
c) green
d) blue
e) pink

Question 10

describe finite state grammar

Answer 10

the assumption that there is a finite number of rules that govern how words are put together

Question 11

a) which principle is this associated w/?
b) what are the 4 possible sentence structures?

Answer 11

a) finite state grammar
b)
1. the old man comes
2. the man comes
3. the old men come
4. the men come

Question 12

Describe phrase structure rules

Answer 12

a set of rules that list elements, the sequence of those elements, as well as how those elements are linked in order to determine the overall structure of a sentence (how one joins the basic elements of a sentence)

Question 13

the following are all basic elements involved in a noun phrase except
a) determiner
b) noun phrase
c) adjective
d) noun
e) all of the above

Answer 13

b

Question 14

the following are all basic elements involved in a verb phrase except
a) determiner
b) noun phrase
c) adjective
d) noun
e) all of the above

Answer 14

e

Question 15

What is the purpose of the phrase structure rules?

Answer 15

to determine the interpretation of ambiguous sentences (to clarify)

Question 16

Describe the following
a) surface structure
b) deep structure
c) how do these vary wrt ambiguity?

Answer 16

a) particular words used to convey meaning
b) the underlying meaning of a sentence
c) while the surface structure is the same the deep structure will differ

Question 17

how did Noam Chomsky feel about the finite state grammar principle?

Answer 17

he felt that finite grammar was too simplistic to account of the extraordinary generativity of language

Question 18

a) describe grammatical transformations.
b) provide an example

Answer 18

a) the act of operating on one sentence in order to convert it into a new sentence
b) “Boswell admired Johnson” -> “Johnson was admired by Boswell”

Question 19

what are the two hypotheses that explain the sensitivity that we acquire to judge whether a given sentence is following the proper rules?

Answer 19

a) linguistic nativsm
b) linguistic empiricism

Question 20

Describe linguistic nativism

Answer 20

the idea that we innately know the basic stricture of all natural languages thus learning a language is just tuning the universal grammar that we already know to a particular native language.

Question 21

innateness hypothesis is also known as what?

Answer 21

linguistic nativism

Question 22

provide evidence that could support Chomsky’s innateness hypothesis

Answer 22

when observing a mother-child interaction despite the mother’s speech having a high tendency to be riddled w/ ungrammatical sentences the child is still able to not only understand the sentence but also be able to connect it to the grammatical version of that sentence. Demonstrating that the child must have some sort of innate sensitivity that guides grammar learning

Question 23

Describe the role of parental reformation

Answer 23

the act of a parent reformating the ungrammatical sentence of their child and that child repeating that reformulation thus helping the child use better grammar

Question 24

This conversation is an example of what?

Answer 24

the role of parental reformulations

Question 25

Parental reformations can occur up to 50-70% if the time. While the child will often repeat the reformulation up to _____ of the time. a) 10% b) 25% c) 50% d) 75% e) 100%

Answer 25

c

Question 26

syntatic development is greater b/w _____ and ____ than b/w _____ and _____. a) October, April, April, October b) April, April, October, October c) October, October, April, April d) April, October, October, April

Answer 26

a

Question 27

Who's speech has a better impact on a 4-year-old children's syntactic development? a) a mom saying "the girl is looking for the boy behind a chair, but he is sitting under the table" b) a teacher saying "the baby is holding the big ball and the small block" c) a father saying "the baby is holding the big ball and the small block" d) a friend saying "the girl is looking for the boy behind a chair, but he is sitting under the table"

Answer 27

b - teacher

Question 28

Describe syntactic development

Answer 28

the act of learning how to speak grammatically correct

Question 29

Much language development takes place ____ a) at home b) outside of the house c) at school d) through the internet

Answer 29

b

Question 30

Which of the following is known to be vital for professional success a) the ability to speak grammatically correct b) the ability to read quickly c) the ability to read people's facial expressions d) the act of being litterate e) all of the above

Answer 30

d

Question 31

How does one study how another person reads?

Answer 31

by using eye-tracking tech

Question 32

Describe the following types of eye-tracking patterns a) saccades b) fixation c) regression

Answer 32

a) small jerky eye movements b) pauses where eyes remain relatively still (b/w saccades) c) small jerky eye movement but in the other direction (reverse saccades)

Question 33

describe the following ways to study reading a) moving window paradigm b) boundary change paradigm

Answer 33

a) investigates the perceptual span (number of characters needed on either side for someone to be able to read normally) b) uses fixation times to investigate what kind of information is being used while one is reading

Question 34

in a boundary change paradigm which of the following would have the longest fixation timeÉ a) chart b) chovt c) ebovf d) boat e) a and d

Answer 34

c - requires more mental power due to unfamiliarity

Question 35

what are the 2 things that determine reading comprehension?

Answer 35

1. working memory capacity 2. sentence comprehension

Question 36

a) how can one measure WM capacity wrt reading comprehension? b) what is the reading span?

Answer 36

a) having the person read a list of sentences and then recall the last word from each sentence b) the number of words they are able to recall

Question 37

how does one measure sentence comprehension?

Answer 37

having the person read a passage and then answer different types of questions based on that passage

Question 38

a) how does reading span relate to reading comprehension? b) what types of sentences are associated w/ this relationship

Answer 38

a) the higher the reading span the more accurate the reading comprehension b) complex sentences