W1_lec2 Flashcards
What are the 3 ways to enhance self-regulated learning? Describe each
- acquisition = produce strats for when you are taking in the info
- retention = produce strats for keeping the info that you will need to retrieve later
- retrieval = produce strats for how to effectivly retrive info that has been stored
What are the 2 standard ways to encode info?
- repetition = rehearsing info over and over again
- encoding variability = interleaving different concepts at once
What allows for the most successful and effective learning?
the optimization of all 3 stages; acquisition, retention, retrieval
What is the significance of Ebbinghaus?
he produced a study on himself to measure the effectiveness of rehearsal
With regard to the role of repetition, what are the 2 types of practices? Describe and state which one is more effective in the long term versus the short term
- massed/cramming (short-term) = the act of studying an item all at once
- distributed practice/spacing (long-term) = the act of studying an item over time
Why are rehearsals/repetition not always the most effective method of learning?
as you repeat the same thing over and over your mind gets bored resulting in you doing the task mindlessly.
T or F - spacing is only effective when learning a piece of info (memorization)
F - it can also be very effective when learning a certain skill or a procedure
Why is encoding variability (interleaving) so important for learning?
it provides the brain with novelty and forces it to retrieve new info which enhances learning
What are the two methods of encoding variability? Describe and state which one is better long-term vs short-term
- interleaving/mixing content = involves intertwining different concepts that need to be learned with each other (long-term)
- blocking = learning only one concept at a time (short-term)
What are the 2 concepts related to retention? Describe each
- retrieval practice = testing effect
- the misunderstood role of forgetting
T or F - testing is only used to evaluate where one is at wrt what they have learned
F - it is a very effective learning tool that helps learner practice retrieving info
Studies show that self-testing is more effective when re-reading. yet students tend to believe the opposite is true. Why is this?
re-reading is effective in the short term compared to self-testing which is more effective in the long term. Furthermore, testing is seen as a way to evaluate how much a person has mastered a concept, not as a practicing tool for mastering that concept
It is said that the act of retrieving info is an act of encoding just like when encoding the info at the beginning. Why is this the case?
just like how you have to encode the info in order to retain it in your long-term memory. It will need to be encoded back for you to actually recall the retained memory.
If in the Karpick and Roediger 4 study-test cycle the results showed that studying was a more effective learning strat than testing which condition would show better results? Why?
a) ST
b) SnT
c) STn
d) SnTn
a and c as they both allow for the maximum time to study the word cues while also showing that they do not need to be present in the test as d has it where the number of successful words are not included in the test.
We have 2 groups, A and B. Group A is given a passage to read than told to re-read that passage again sometime later. While Group B is given the same passage to read, however after some time they are then tested on that passage. In both of the Time occasions shown below what would be the results for both groups? Why?
a) time = 5mins
b) time = 1 week
a) Group A > B = re-reading is better for short-term learning
b) Group B > A = recalling/testing is better for long-term learning
Which is better failing to retrieve an item or re-studying the item?
failing to retrieve is better as it forces you to first try to recall the item. Then once you fail you much find the ANS which makes the ANS itself more memorable
only 10% of students report using self-testing as a means of studying and only 1.1% use it as their primary strat. If this is the case what are these students using this method for?
They use it as a means of evaluating their progress wrt how much they have retained rather than a means to advance that progress
T or F - the act of forgetting information is a flaw that all humans have. If we could remember everything, everything would be so much easier
F - the act of forgetting certain details is an adapted skill that allows us to focus on specific pieces of info when we want to. If we remembered everything we would have a hard time distinguishing similar memories.
How is the act of forgetting being misunderstood
Forgetting is seen as a bad thing but it can actually enhance ones learning later. As it forces one to practice retrieving and retaining info allowing for an easier time later to recall those concepts
Describe metacognition
the act of thinking about one’s own thinking
T or F - when someone chooses to monitor their own learning they will be able to accurately gage what they know and what they don’t
F - self-monitoring is not always accurate
Describe meta-memory
the act of reflecting on what we already know
Describe JOL
judgment of learning = a confidence rate in recalling that item later
What are 2 factors that can cause one to misjudge their own learning? Describe and provide an example for each.
- perceptual clarity = when someone believes they are more likely to remember something due to it standing out compared to the surrounding items.j
ex - ppl believe between a smaller word and a bigger word you are more likely to remember the bigger word. - Speed of retrieval = when someone believes that the speed in which you can think of the ANS dictates what you know and what you don’t.
ex - ppl believe that if you can ANS a question the right way they will be able to recall it later as well.
