Quizzes

Question 1

C: What is the primary pathological process that leads to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Answer 1

Atherosclerosis

Question 2

C: In a normal ECG waveform, what does P-wave represent?

Answer 2

Atrial depolarization

Question 3

C: What role does vascular dysfunction play in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension, and how does it contribute to elevated blood pressure levels?

Answer 3

Vascular dysfunction causes a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance

Question 4

C: Which physiological factors related to the kidneys are implicated in the development of essential hypertension?

Answer 4

Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Question 5

C: What is the primary function of antigen-presenting cells (ACPs) in the immune system?

Answer 5

To present antigens to T cells

Question 6

C: True or false. Bacteria and parasites are not antigens

Answer 6

False

Question 7

C: What is the most common underlying cause of atherosclerosis, contributing to the development of coronary artery disease?

Answer 7

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol

Question 8

C: During which phase of the cardiac does the ventricle contract, causing a rise in ventricular pressure and closure of the atrioventricular valves?

Answer 8

Ventricular systole

Question 9

C: What is the role of the atrioventricular node in the cardiac conduction system?

Answer 9

Delaying the impulse transmission to the ventricles

Question 10

C: Which component of the immune system provides rapid and specific protection upon re-exposure to a previously encountered pathogen?

Answer 10

Memory immunity

Question 11

C: True or False. Antigens plays an important role in the production of antibodies

Answer 11

False

Question 12

C: How does the narrowing of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis affect myocardial oxygen supply and demand?

Answer 12

It decreases myocardial oxygen supply and increases demand

Question 13

C: Which is the most frequent etiology of heart failure?

Answer 13

Hypertension

Question 14

C: Which of the following is NOT a component in the pathophysiology of hypertension?

Answer 14

Vasodilation

Question 15

C: If too little blood flows into the ventricles, you might think of:

Answer 15

Diastolic heart failure

Question 16

C: Which immune rejection can be avoided in transplantation using an immunosuppressing treatment?

Answer 16

Acute

Question 17

C: The first sound in the phonocardiogram in the cardiac cycle is associated with:

Answer 17

Mitral and Tricuspid valve closes

Question 18

C: Which is an important chemical component in the local blood regulation of blood pressure?

Answer 18

NO

Question 19

C: Where is released the hormone renin?

Answer 19

From the kidney

Question 20

C: Choose the common preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Answer 20

Hypertension

Question 21

R: What is the most common risk factors for the development of COPD?

Answer 21

Cigarette smoking

Question 22

R: How is COPD diagnosed?

Answer 22

By measuring the FEV1/FVC ratio using spirometry

Question 23

R: Which type of inflammation is most common in asthma?

Answer 23

T2-type inflammation

Question 24

Which cells are predominantly found in the inflammatory infiltrate of asthma?

Answer 24

Eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and, macrophages

Question 25

What is the role of oxidative stress in COPD?

Answer 25

It contributes to lung injury and inflammation

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT listed as a pathological feature of COPD?

Answer 26

Pulmonary arteriole dilation

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the chronic inflammation observed in COPD?

Answer 27

Decreased numbers of macrophages and neutrophils

Question 28

How is the airflow limitation defined in the context of COPD?

Answer 28

FEV1/FVC ratio of 0.7

Question 29

During a normal quiet breathing cycle, the process of expiration is mainly a result of which of the following?

Answer 29

Passive recoil of the lungs and chest wall

Question 30

What role do environmental allergens play in asthma?

Answer 30

Triggering asthma exacerbations

Question 31

Which factors contribute to the development of asthma?

Answer 31

Genetic and environmental factors

Question 32

What is the effect of altitude on oxygen transport in the blood?

Answer 32

Decreased partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, leading to reduced hemoglobin saturation

Question 33

Which of the following interventions is likely to improve FEV1 in a patient with reversible obstructive lung disease?

Answer 33

Administration of a short-acting beta-agonist inhaler

Question 34

What is the role of oxidative stress in COPD?

Answer 34

It leads to reduced lung function

Question 34

How does airway remodeling affect asthma?

Answer 34

Contributes to the chronicity and severity of asthma

Question 35

What leads to the chronic inflammation observed in COPD?

Answer 35

Chronic inhalation of irritants like cigarette smoke and air pollutants

Question 36

In the diagnosis of obstructive lungs diseases, such as asthma and COPD, an FEV1/FVC ratio less than 70% typically indicates:

Answer 36

Obstructive lung disease

Question 37

What is the role of airway epithelial cells in asthma?

Answer 37

Initiating T2-type immune responses

Question 38

What does FEV1 primarily measure in a pulmonary function test?

Answer 38

The volume of the air that can be forcibly exhaled in the first second of a breath

Question 39

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the pathophysiology of COPD according to the document?

Answer 39

High levels of physical activity

Question 40

Which cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma?

Answer 40

IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP

Question 41

What is asthma characterized by?

Answer 41

chronic airway inflammation and variable remodeling

Question 42

Which of the following best describes the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?

Answer 42

To decrease the surface tension within alveoli, making it easier for them to expand during inspiration

Question 43

Which are the main pathological features of COPD?

Answer 43

Obstructive bronchiolitis, emphysema and mucus hyper secretion

Question 44

What is the primary trigger for acute exacerbations in COPD?

Answer 44

Respiratory viral infections

Question 45

Which cytokines are involved in epithelial damage and repair in asthma?

Answer 45

IL-4, IL-9 and IL-13

Question 46

Which of the following changes in the blood would lead to an increase in respiratory rate?

Answer 46

Decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)

Question 47

True or False. Kidneys regulate calcium metabolism

Answer 47

True

Question 48

True or false. Infections of kidneys can produce an intrarenal kidney failure

Answer 48

True

Question 49

True or false. A glomerular filtration rate of 120 is normal

Answer 49

False

Question 50

True or false. Kidneys get less than 5% of the cardiac output

Answer 50

False

Question 51

True or false. Cardiac failure could be a cause of pre renal failure

Answer 51

True

Question 52

Which is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 52

Nephron

Question 53

True or false. If the blood flow in the glomerulus decreases then the glomerular filtration rate increases

Answer 53

False

Question 54

True or false. Autonomous nervous system is a regulating mechanism of glomerular filtration rate

Answer 54

True

Question 55

Which is NOT a main function of the nephron?

Answer 55

Erythropoyetin synthesis

Question 56

True or false. Systemic blood pressure has a minimal effect in the glomerular filtration rate

Answer 56

False

Question 57

True or false. Kidneys regulate pH in blood

Answer 57

True

Question 58

True or false. The main function of tubular system is filtration of blood

Answer 58

False

Question 59

True or false. Kidneys have the capability of electrolyte balance

Answer 59

True

Question 60

True or false. Renal failure can be measured by Glomerular Filtration Rate

Answer 60

True

Question 61

True or false. Vasoconstriction of the afferent artery will decrease the pressure in the glomerulus

Answer 61

True

Question 62

True or false. The urine formation begin in the bladder

Answer 62

False

Question 63

True or false. Creatinine is NOT an indicator of Glomerular filtration rate

Answer 63

False

Question 64

True or false. Prostate cancer could be an intrarenal cause of kidney failure

Answer 64

False

Question 65

True or false. A healthy person filtrates proteins in the glomerulus

Answer 65

False

Question 66

True or false. Accumulation of urea in blood is a key sign of kidney failure

Answer 66

True

Question 67

True or false. The urinary excretion depends on the filtration rate of the glomerulus

Answer 67

True

Question 68

True or false. Glucose is easily filtered in the kidneys

Answer 68

True

Question 69

Main function of platelets?

Answer 69

Blood coagulation

Question 70

Sickle cell anemia is characterized by:

Answer 70

Erythrocytes in the shape of a sickle due to a mutation in hemoglobin

Question 71

What primarily regulates erythropoiesis in response to hypoxia?

Answer 71

The kidney releases erythropoietin

Question 72

Main function of leukocytes?

Answer 72

Defense against infectious agents

Question 73

Which leukocytes is most effective in fighting viral infections?

Answer 73

Lymphocytes

Question 74

Which cell plays a crucial role in primary hemostasis?

Answer 74

Platelets

Question 75

Monocytes are leukocytes that:

Answer 75

Phagocytize pathogens

Question 76

Which of the following leukocytes is primarily responsible for the humoral immune response?

Answer 76

B lymphocytes

Question 76

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that primarily affects:

Answer 76

Coagulation factor activity

Question 77

What is the approximate lifespan or erythrocytes in human circulation?

Answer 77

120 days

Question 78

Which laboratory finding is most indicative or iron-deficiency anemia?

Answer 78

Low serum ferritin

Question 79

Which statement about hemoglobin is correct?

Answer 79

It enables the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 80

What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

Answer 80

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 81

What factor primarily stimulates the production of erythrocytes?

Answer 81

Erythropoietin

Question 82

Leukemia is characterized by:

Answer 82

Uncontrolled and abnormal production of leukocytes

Question 83

The presence of which antigen determines if a person has type A blood?

Answer 83

Antigen A

Question 84

Thrombocytopenia is characterized by:

Answer 84

Decrease in the number of platelets

Question 85

Which of the following is a primary cause of polycythemia vera?

Answer 85

A mutation leading to increased sensitivity of erythroid precursors to growth factors

Question 86

Which type of anemia results from the autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells?

Answer 86

Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 87

In the ABO blood group system, which type of blood is considered the universal donor?

Answer 87

Type O