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hist 102 > Raab- Exam 2 - Fall 2023 > Flashcards

Raab- Exam 2 - Fall 2023 Flashcards

1
Q

one gene influences multiple characteristics ex) sickle cell anemia

A

Pleiotropy

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2
Q

both parents must pass on the allele for disorder

A

autosomal recessive disorder

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3
Q

only one parents needs to have the disease to pass it on

A

autosomal dominant disorder

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4
Q

An allele that is always expressed

A

Dominant

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5
Q

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

A

Recessive

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6
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

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7
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a trait

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8
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism, allele combination ex) HhEE

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9
Q

incomplete dominance

A

neither allele is completely dominant ex) pink snapdragons

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10
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristics of an organism ex) brown hair, brown eyes

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11
Q

Enzymes in DNA replication

A

helicase, topoisomerase, DNA polymerase, ligase, primase

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12
Q

codominance

A

both phenotypes are fully expressed ex) type AB blood

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13
Q

replication characteristics

A

bidirectional, semi-conservative

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14
Q

mitosis

A

full 46 diploid chromosomes are replicated (somatic cells)

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15
Q

meiosis

A

23 haploid chromosomes are replicated (sex cells)

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16
Q

Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic mRNA similarities

A

5’ to 3’ direction
same bases
RNA polymerase

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17
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA only characteristics

A

5’ cap and 3’ tail
introns and exons (splice in nucleus),
pre-mRNA
one gene w/ many proteins

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18
Q

Prokaryotic mRNA only characteristics

A

no alternative splicing, can’t shuffle order, one gene w/ one protein

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19
Q

How many base pairs do prokaryotic cells make per second?

A

1000

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20
Q

How many base pairs do eukaryotic cells make per second?

A

50

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21
Q

DNA only characteristics

A

double stranded,
DNA polymerase,
Thymine,
deoxyribose sugar,
store genetic information,
permanent

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22
Q

RNA only characteristics

A

single stranded
, RNA polymerase,
Uracil,
ribose sugar,
uses genetic information,
transient

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23
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA,
RNA polymerase,
DNA template,
occurs in nucleus

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24
Q

Steps of Transcription

A

initiation, elongation, termination

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25
Q

mRNA function

A

code for proteins

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26
Q

tRNA

A

serve as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis

27
Q

rRNA function

A

form core of ribosome’s structure and catalyze protein synthesis

28
Q

How many bonds hold together C-G

A

3 hydrogen bonds

29
Q

How many bonds hold together A-T

A

2 hydrogen bonds

30
Q

Cytosine pairs with

A

Guanine

31
Q

Adenine pairs with

A

Thymine

32
Q

Purines (2 rings)

A

Adenine and Guanine

33
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine and Thymine

34
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

Nucleus (eukaryotic) or Cytoplasm (prokaryotic)

35
Q

Silent Mutation

A

no effect

36
Q

Missense Mutation

A

changes an amino acid

Nonsense Mutation

37
Q

Nonsense Mutation
action

A

inserts a stop codon

38
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs

39
Q

Spontaneous mutation

A

naturally occurring mutations in cells

40
Q

Induced mutation

A

mutation caused by external agents ex) UV radiation, Xrays, etc

41
Q

Introns

A

A noncoding sequence in a eukaryotic RNA, removed

42
Q

Exons

A

Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA, spliced together to form mRNA

43
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pair of alike chromosomes

44
Q

Centromere

A

Region of chromosome where sister chromatids attach

45
Q

Telomere

A

a compound structure at end of chromosome

46
Q

Gene Locus

A

Location of a gene on a chromosome

47
Q

Karyotype

A

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes

47
Q

alleles

A

gene pair at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes

48
Q

3q26 what part is the chromosome?

A

3 (start)

49
Q

what part is the arm? (3q26)

A

q (middle)

50
Q

what part is the region? (3q26)

A

26 (end)

51
Q

All genes transcribed?

A

yes

52
Q
A
52
Q

All genes are transcribed equally.

A

No because it’s not exactly the same proteins

53
Q

Triplet repeat disorder

A

down syndrome extra chromosome 21st chromosome

54
Q

name an Autosomal dominant disorder

A

Huntington’s disease

55
Q

Autosomal recessive disorder

A

cystic fibrosis

56
Q

Prokaryotic

A

One gene one protein no splicing
No cap or tail
Transfer and translation at the same time eukaryotes cant

57
Q

Eukaryote

A

3 prime cap 2 prime tail
Anytime dealing with introns or exons
Multiple genes
Splicing in nucleus

58
Q

A’s opposite is

A

T

59
Q

G’s oposite is

A

C

60
Q

C’s oposite is

A

G

61
Q

T’s opposite is

A

A

62
Q

to transcribe you change the T’s to

A

U

hist 102 (6 decks)

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