Radiation Effects

Question 1

Radiation effects

Answer 1

1. Somatic effects
2. Genetic effects
3. Non-stochastic. Deterministic effects
4. Stochastic/ Probabilistic effects

Question 2

living beings/ person exposed to ionizing radiation that suffer biological damage to tissues

Answer 2

Somatic effects

Question 3

Minutes, hours, days, weeks of the time of radiation exposure

Answer 3

Early somatic effects

Question 4

High dose (early somatic effects) effects

Answer 4

1. Nausea
2. Fatigue
3. Erythema
4. Epilation
5. Blood disorders
6. Depression of sperm count
7. Temporary/ Permanent sterility
8. Intestinal disorders
9. Fever
10. Dry and moist desquamation

Question 5

4 Stages of ARS (Acute Radiation Syndrome)

Answer 5

1. Prodromal
2. Latent
3. Manifest
4. Recover/ Death

Question 6

Prodromal Stage (ARS)

Answer 6

• mins to hrs
• above approx 1Gy (100rad) delivered to total body, s/s of radiation sickness
• lasts for few hrs to couple of days

Question 7

Latent Stage (ARS)

Answer 7

• lasts for hrs/ less (>50rad) to wks (1-5Gy)

Question 8

Worst stage of ARS

Answer 8

Manifest

Question 9

Syndromes acquired during manifest stage of ARS

Answer 9

a. Hematologic syndrome
b. Gastrointestinal syndrome
c. CNS/ cerebrovascular syndrome

Question 10

RBC/ WBC reduction

Answer 10

Hematologic syndrome

Question 11

Hematologic syndrome rad’n source

Answer 11

200-1000 rad (2Gy-10Gy)

Question 12

Hematologic syndromej mean survival time

Answer 12

10-60 days

Question 13

Hematologic syndrome clinical s/s

Answer 13

1. Nausea
2. Vomiting
3. Diarrhea
4. Anemia
5. Leukopenia
6. Hemorrhage
7. Fever
8. Infection

Question 14

Damage in SI and LI lining

Answer 14

Gastrointestinal syndrome

Question 15

Gastrointestinal syndrome rad’n source

Answer 15

1000-5000 rad (10Gy-50gy)

Question 16

Gastrointestinal syndrome mean survival time

Answer 16

4-10 days

Question 17

Gastrointestinal syndrome Clinical s/s

Answer 17

all 8 of hematologic syndrome s/sm plus
9. electrolyte imbalance
10. lethargy
11. fatigue
12. shock

Question 18

Fluid elevation in brain

Answer 18

CNS/ cerebrovascular syndrome

Question 19

CNS/ cerebrovascular syndrome rad’n source

Answer 19

> 5000 rad (50Gy)

Question 20

CNS/ cerebrovascular syndrome clinical s/s

Answer 20

all 12 of GI syndrome s/s, plus
13. Meningitis
14. Ataxia
15. Edema
16. vasculitis

Question 21

Mistakenly thought as “Early Recovery” because there is no visible s/s

Answer 21

Latent Stage

Question 22

Amount of functional damage sustained will determine the potential for recovery

Answer 22

Repair mechanism (repair and recovery)

Question 23

Dose of rad’n expected to cause death within 60 days to 50% of those exposed

Answer 23

Lethal dose 50/60: Acute Radiation Lethality

Question 24

Recovery/ Death Stage Mean survival time

Answer 24

Average time between exposure and death

Question 25

(1): only part of the body is irradiated; (2) dose is necessaty to have a esponse

Answer 25

1. Local tissue damage 2. higher

Question 26

Cell death- tissue/ organ shrinkage ((1))

Answer 26

1. atrophy

Question 27

Manifests months-yrs after exposure to ionizing rad'n

Answer 27

Late Effects (Somatic)

Question 28

Late effects (somatic) result from:

Answer 28

1. Whole/ partial body acute high radiation doses 2. production of individual low doses and chronic low level doses sustained for several years

Question 29

Major types of late somatic effects

Answer 29

1. Stochastic/ Probabilistic effect a. Carcinogenic b. Embryogenic effect (birth defect)\ 2. Non-stochastic effect a. Cataractogenesis b. Non-specific life span shortening

Question 30

Biologic effects of ionizing rad'n on future generation

Answer 30

Genetic effects

Question 31

Results of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in the sperm/ova of an adult

Answer 31

Genetic effects

Question 32

When these germinal mutations occur, faulty genetic info is transmitted to the offspring, whicg may manifest itself as various diseases/ malformations

Answer 32

Genetic effects

Question 33

Exhibits a threshold below (effect does NOT normally occur) and above wherein biological damage increases as dose increases

Answer 33

Non-Stochastic/ Deterministic Effects

Question 34

Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) is an example of what effect?

Answer 34

Non-Stochastic/ Deterministic Effects

Question 35

Increasing severity w increasing radiation dose

Answer 35

Non-Stochastic/ Deterministic Effects

Question 36

Principal deterministic effects of radiation exposure on humans and the approximate threshold dose

Answer 36

1. Death: whole body- 200rad 2. Hematologic depression: wb- 25rad 3. Skin erythema: small field- 200 rad 4. Epilation: sf- 300rad 5. Chromosome aberration: wb- 5rad 6. Gonadal dysfunction: local tissue- 10rad

Question 37

Early effects (Non-stochastic)

Answer 37

1. Erythema 2. Decrease in WBC count 3. Epilation

Question 38

Other more serious early consequences of radn sickness

Answer 38

1. Hematologic/ Hematopoietic syndrome 2. GI syndrome 3. Cerebrovascular syndrome

Question 39

Late effects (Non-stochastic)

Answer 39

1. Cataract formation 2. Fibrosis 3. Organ atrophy 4. Loss of parenchymal cells 5. Reduced fertility 6. Sterility

Question 40

Probability/ frequency of the biologic response to rad'n as a function of radiation dose

Answer 40

Stochastic/ Probabilistic Effects

Question 41

No minimal safe dose exist

Answer 41

Stochastic/ Probabilistic Effects

Question 42

Disease incidence increase proportionally with dose and there is no threshold dose

Answer 42

Stochastic/ Probabilistic Effects

Question 43

Stochastic/ Probabilistic Effects examples

Answer 43

Cancer and Genetic Alteration

Question 44

has an "all or non response"

Answer 44

Cancer and Genetic Alteration

Question 45

May develop when ionizing rad'n damages reproductive cells that could bring about injuries consequences in subsequent generations

Answer 45

Mutation

Question 46

Mutation example/s

Answer 46

Teratogenesis Mutagenesis

Question 47

Birth defect induced by irradiation of the unborn child in utero

Answer 47

Teratogenesis

Question 48

Birth defect induced by irradiation to the reproductive walls before conception

Answer 48

Mutagenesis