Radiation + Others Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is beta made up of and what happens?
Beta is a fast moving electron
A neutron turns into a proton
Uses of radioactivity in hospitals?
Treatment of cancerous tumours
Tracers
Sterilisation
What is ionisation and why is it dangerous to humans?
Ionisation is when an atom looses it gains and electron.
It is dangerous because it can cause mutations in the DNA
Alpha radiation is the most ionising. Why?
It is the heaviest/ largest
It has the highest charge
If an isotope undergoes gamma decay, what does it loose?
Energy
How are gamma rays used to treat cancer tumours?
A thin beam of gamma rays are emitted
The bean is directed at the tumour
(From different angles/ directions)
Surrounding cells get a smaller dose than the tumour
The cells in the tumour are killed
The process of nuclear fusion
Two lighter nuclei collide
They fuse together
They form a bigger, heavier nucleus
Energy increases
Mass decreases (is not conserved)
Scalars vs vector
Scalars have only magnitude
E.g. speed
Vectors have both magnitude and direction
E.g. velocity
What is Newtons Second law and his Third Law?
2nd-
F = MA
(Force = Mass x Acceleration)
3rd-
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
1.On a speed- time graph, the area underneath shows what?
2.On a velocity- time graph, the area underneath shows what?
- Distance
- Displacement
How do you calculate acceleration on a speed time graph?
Change in Y/ Change in X
What is the equation of pressure in a column of liquid?
Height x Density x GFS
What is the equation for frequency?
Frequency = Number of waves ÷ Time
Unit: Hertz (Hz)
What is the equation for wave speed?
Wave speed (v) = Frequency (f) × Wavelength (λ)
Unit: m/s
What is the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves?
Transverse waves: vibrations are perpendicular to energy transfer
Longitudinal waves: vibrations are parallel to energy transfer
What happens to pressure in a gas when volume decreases?
when volume decreases, pressure increases (if temperature remains constant).
Formula:
PV= constant
What is nuclear fission?
Nuclear fission is the splitting of a large, unstable nucleus into two smaller nuclei, releasing energy and neutrons. This is used in nuclear reactors to produce energy.
What is the purpose of a nuclear reactor?
A nuclear reactor uses controlled nuclear fission to release energy, typically to generate electricity.
Give an example of both transverse waves and longitudinal waves.
Transverse wave: Light, water waves.
Longitudinal wave: Sound waves
What is the order of the electromagnetic waves from lowest to highest frequency?
Radio waves
Microwaves
Infrared radiation
Visible light
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
X-rays
Gamma rays
What is alpha radiation, its symbol, and its mass and atomic number?
• What it is: A helium nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons).
• Symbol: α • Mass number: 4 • Atomic number: 2
What is beta radiation, its symbol, and its mass and atomic number?
• What it is: A high-energy electron emitted when a neutron decays into a proton.
• Symbol: β • Mass number: 0 • Atomic number: -1
What is gamma radiation, its symbol, and its mass and atomic number?
• What it is: A high-energy electromagnetic wave.
• Symbol: γ • Mass number: 0 • Atomic number: 0
What is the purpose of control rods in a nuclear reactor?
Control rods absorb excess neutrons to maintain a steady chain reaction and prevent the reaction from becoming uncontrolled.
