RADPATHO

Question 1

a term that literally refers to a lack of “ease.”
It is a condition that is marked by an abnormal disturbance in the function and or structure of the human body as a result of some type of injury or trauma

Answer 1

Disease

Question 2

The study of disease and how it impacts the human body.

Answer 2

Pathology

Question 3

partial list of sources for pathology/Disease Classifications

Answer 3

Hereditary/ congenital
Tumor
Iatrogenic
Infection

Question 4

Any adverse conditions that results from medical treatment.
An example would be a pneumothorax that occurs as the result of a thoracentesis.

Answer 4

Iatrogenic

Question 5

infection is acquired from a health care environment.

Answer 5

Nosocomial infection

Question 6

Source of pathology or disease classification

Answer 6

Inflammatory
Metabolic
Degenerative
Trauma

Question 7

In utero
Maternal infections (Rubella/German Measles), radiation, trauma or drugs
Usually cannot be recognized before birth

Answer 7

Congenital

Question 8

Other name of German measles

Answer 8

Rubella

Question 9

Symptoms of rubella

Answer 9

Mild fever
Headache
Joint pain
Runny nose
Swollen lymph nodes
Conjunctivitis or sore eyes

Question 10

What is the other name for measles

Answer 10

Rubeola

Question 11

Symptoms of rubeola

Answer 11

High fever
Coryza or common colds
Cough
Conjunctivitis or sore eyes

Question 12

Genetically transmitted from either parent to child

Answer 12

Hereditary

Question 13

Genetic testing can detect these before birth

Answer 13

Intervention
Terminate pregnancy
Make decision

Question 14

How may chromosomes are in a human body

Answer 14

46

Question 15

Other name of down syndrome

Answer 15

Trisomy 21

Question 16

Other name of down syndrome

Answer 16

Trisomy 21

Question 17

This is a group of signs and symptoms that characterize an abnormal disturbance.

Answer 17

Syndrome

Question 18

This is a genetic disorder of connective tissue
It is characterized by a predisposition to cardiac disorders, long limbs, long fingers, and a tall stature

Answer 18

Marfan’s syndrome

Question 19

Which president has Marfan’s syndrome

Answer 19

Abraham Lincoln

Question 20

This is the study of the cause and origin of a disease

Answer 20

Etiology

Question 21

This refers to the fact that there may be no real cause for the disease.
Examples would be hypertension and a spontaneous pneumothorax.

Answer 21

Idiopathic

Question 22

the buildup of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity.

Answer 22

Pleural effusion

Question 23

the presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity.

Answer 23

Pneumothorax

Question 24

the presence of blood in the pleural cavity.

Answer 24

Hemothorax

Question 25

refers to the body’s ability to wall-off and sequester an injurious agent. The ultimate goal of this process is the safe removal of said injurious agents.

Answer 25

Inflammation

Question 26

is the process of dilating capillaries to allow fluids and leucocytes to infiltrate the infected area.

Answer 26

Hyperemia

Question 27

The leucocytes will act to remove cellular debris through a process known as

Answer 27

Phagocytosis

Question 28

The cardinal signs of inflammation include

Answer 28

Heat redness and often decrease in function

Question 29

Classic signs of inflammation

Answer 29

Heat, redness, pain, swelling and loss of function

Question 30

Calor

Answer 30

Heat

Question 31

Rubor

Answer 31

Red

Question 32

Dolor

Answer 32

Pain

Question 33

Functio laesa

Answer 33

Loss of function

Question 34

Inflammatory reaction

Answer 34

Abscess Ulcers Cellulitis

Question 35

This type of inflammatory reaction causes the injurious agent to become a walled-off ball of pus. Antibiotics cannot penetrate an abscess since they do not contain a blood supply like a neoplasm.

Answer 35

Abscess

Question 36

This is another type of inflammatory reaction that is the result of a healing wound that is located on the skin or a mucous membrane

Answer 36

Ulcers

Question 37

This is an acute bacterial infection of the skin and is a third example of an inflammatory reaction. It can be found anywhere in the body but it is more often seen in areas where the skin can be damaged and thus allow a portal of entry for bacteria. A byproduct of bacterial reproduction within the tissue is the excretion of methane. This can sometimes be demonstrated on a radiograph as depicted on the next slide

Answer 37

Cellulitis

Question 38

This is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in body cavities or intercellular spaces. The increase in fluid can be localized within a structure or dispersed throughout the body.

Answer 38

Edema

Question 39

is essentially edema of the peritoneal cavity.

Answer 39

Ascites

Question 40

This abnormal, extracellular fluid essentially consists of water that contains a low cell count. As a result, they are usually clear. A good example would be a pleural effusion

Answer 40

Transudates fluid

Question 41

This fluid filters from the circulatory system into lesions and generally contains water, pus, and/or blood. Since it contain infected fluid (pus/bacteria), they are therefore not clear

Answer 41

Exudates fluid

Question 42

This term refers to an obstruction of the normal blood flow to an organ or structure. It usually results from either a narrowing of blood vessels from plaque formation (fatty cholesterol deposits) or as the result of a thrombic occlusion. As humans age, primary blood vessels into an organ may become stenotic due to plaque formation within their lumen.

Answer 42

Ischemia

Question 43

is the body’s natural defense against ischemia.

Answer 43

Collateral circulation

Question 44

Loss of blood supply to an organ or structure will cause the surrounding tissue to become necrotic.

Answer 44

Infarct

Question 45

The following is a list of diseases that are either caused by an infarct or may result in an infarct:

Answer 45

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Pulmonary Embolus Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) Hernia (Mechanical Obstruction) Volvulus

Question 46

bleeding is simply the loss of blood from the circulatory system

Answer 46

Hemorrhage

Question 47

The following is a list of a few examples of a hemorrhage

Answer 47

Hematoma Ecchymosis Purpura Petechia

Question 48

This occurs as the result of a break in a blood vessel that causes a pooling of blood below the surface of the skin, organ, or structure

Answer 48

Hematoma

Question 49

This is a type of hematoma that is commonly referred to as a bruise or contusion. Capillaries below the skin are damaged usually as the result of some type of trauma.

Answer 49

Ecchymosis

Question 50

These are red or purple spots on the body that are caused by a hemorrhage. They are often the result of some type of platelet or coagulation disorder.

Answer 50

Purpura

Question 51

This is a type of purpura that consists of very small red or purple spot on the body.

Answer 51

Petechia

Question 52

This is the inability of an organ or structure to form properly. The defective development of an organ can result in the partial or complete loss of an organ.

Answer 52

Aplasia

Question 53

is the decrease in size of the cells within an organ or structure.

Answer 53

Atrophy

Question 54

common causes of atrophy:

Answer 54

Lack of Physical Activity Poor Nourishment Nerve Damage Poor Circulation

Question 55

This is the opposite of atrophy in that there is an abnormal increase in cell size.

Answer 55

Hypertrophy

Question 56

Hypertrophy is also sometimes referred to as __________or __________.

Answer 56

Hyperplasia or hypergenesis

Question 57

common causes of hypertrophy:

Answer 57

An Increase in Physical Activity Hormonal Changes Chronic Inflammation

Question 58

This is the abnormal proliferation of foreign cells that form a mass of tissue within an organ or structure.

Answer 58

Neoplasm

Question 59

neoplasm will compete for nutrients from the cells that normally comprise the host organ and it is often referred to as a mass or

Answer 59

Tumor

Question 60

study of neoplasms

Answer 60

Oncology

Question 61

one that is self-limited and will not spread or seed to distant sites within the host organism

Answer 61

Benign neoplasm

Question 62

on the other hand, does possess the ability to spread to distant sites in the body.

Answer 62

Malignant neoplasm

Question 63

If left untreated or undetected, malignant neoplasms will ultimately result in this condition. It is characterized by fatigue, atrophy, weakness, and anorexia. often seen as an end-stage to cancer

Answer 63

Cachexia

Question 64

What are the 4 major categories of cancer

Answer 64

Carcinoma Sarcoma Leukemia Lymphoma

Question 65

This type of cancer will arise from epithelial cells or tissues such as the breast, colon, or pancreas

Answer 65

Carcinoma

Question 66

Relatively rare but highly malignant. This is cancer of soft tissue or connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat.

Answer 66

Sarcoma

Question 67

This is cancer of the blood and blood forming tissues.

Answer 67

Leukemia

Question 68

is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of immature blood cells that do not possess the ability to fight infection

Answer 68

Acute leukemia

Question 69

is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of mature blood cells that do not possess the ability to fight infection.

Answer 69

Chronic leukemia

Question 70

This type of cancer originates in lymphatic tissues and affects the production of lymphocytes (white blood cells).

Answer 70

Lymphoma

Question 71

2 major categories of lymphoma

Answer 71

Non Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 72

This is the most common type of lymphoma and it is found in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and GI tract. NHLs are a diverse group of diseases that can develop in any organ that is associated with the lymphatic system and has an unknown etiology

Answer 72

Non Hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 73

This type of cancer is also associated with lymphatic tissue and it was first describe by_____on 1832

Answer 73

Thomas Hodgkin

Question 74

This cancer is characterized by the lymph nodes becoming swollen and rubbery yet they remain pain free. It is definitively diagnosed via lymph node biopsy and finding the presence of Reed-Sternberg Cells. Hodgkin’s disease has an unknown etiology.

Answer 74

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 75

The three primary methods of treating malignancies are as follows:

Answer 75

Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation therapy