random

Question 1

how can you tell L from R eye on fundoscopy?

Answer 1

optic nerve is always medial in fundoscopy

Question 2

eye complications of diabetes

Answer 2

retinopathy and maculopathy
macular oedema
dot haemorrhages
retinal detachment

cataract - due to high surgar interfering with metabolism of the fluid in lens

reduced corneal sensaition and healing

Rubeosis- blood vessels developing in the iris

CN palsies - most commonly 3 and 6

Question 3

management of diabetic eye

Answer 3

conservative
- diet and exercise
- stop smoking
- BP control

medical
- diabetic med, hptn, cholesterol meds
- anti VEGF injections

surgical
- laser

Question 4

complications of hypertensive eye disese

Answer 4

arteriolar narrowing
vessel sclerosis
venuole compression
microaneurysms
retinal haemorrhages

silver wiring

Question 5

autoimmune diseases that affect the eye

Answer 5

Graves
Sjogrens

Question 6

features of graves eye disease

Answer 6

pain
diplopia- coordination of eye movements not aligned
visual loss
proptosis
lid retraction
exposure keratopathy- eye lids not closing so cells on top of eye get dry and damaged
optic neuropathy

Question 7

features of sjogrens syndrome

Answer 7

primary or secondary
associated with RA , SLE and systemic sclerosis
dry eyes, dry mouth

Question 8

conditions associated with anterior uveitis

Answer 8

B27 associated:
ank spond
IBD
psoriatic arth
reactive arth

other:
infections (HSV,HIV, toxo)
sarcoidosis
bechets

Question 9

eye problems in gout

Answer 9

conjunctival deposits of monosodium glutamate

Question 10

eye problems in:
SLE

Answer 10

conjunctivitis

Question 11

eye problems in:
RA

Answer 11

epi/scleritis

Question 12

eye problems in:
ANCA vasculitis

Answer 12

scleritis

Question 13

what is anterior uveitis

Answer 13

inflammation of front of eye (iris and ciliary muscle) causing adhesions i the front of the lens

Question 14

features of ant uv

Answer 14

red eye
acutely painful
reduced acuity
lacrimation
irregular small pupil
hypopyon

Question 15

management of ant uv

Answer 15

steroid drops-

Question 16

metabolic disorder
causes of cataract

Answer 16

hypoparathyroidism
wilsons

Question 17

different types of cataract

Answer 17

1. nuclear
2. cortical
3. posteroir cataract

Question 18

eye signs on HSV infection

Answer 18

pain
photophobia
corneal haze
red eye
keratitis

fluorescein dye- problem with front of cornea showing green dendritic pattern

Question 19

eye signs of VZV

Answer 19

infection of V1 branch of trigeminal nerve supplies eye so if VZV in this nerve it can also infect the eye

keratitis
uveitis

Hutchinsons sign- rash on tip of nose is a sign that eye will probably be affected

Question 20

eye complications of HIV

Answer 20

kaposi sarcoma can affect eye
TB- Rx can cause anterior uveitis
toxo and CMV can cause chorioretinitis and posteror uveitis

Question 21

most common cause of infectious blindness in the world

Answer 21

chlamydia trachomanis- trachoma

Question 22

characteristic findings of trachoma

Answer 22

watery eyes
conjunctival injection
pannus
entropion and corneal irritation
follicles that rupture and scar

Question 23

river blindness

Answer 23

onchocerciasis- nemetode transmitted by flies around stagnent water

Question 24

oncological eye problems

Answer 24

retinoblastoma
BCC- lower eyelid more common
sebaceous cell cancer (mebomian gland tumor)- upper eyelid more common

Question 25

important questions to ask with ear problems

Answer 25

hearing
pain
discharge
vertigo
tinnitus
itch

Question 26

features of otitis media

Answer 26

pain in ear
associated with URTI

Question 26

best imaging for RA

Answer 26

USS and MRI
Xray not sensitive

hallmark- erosions of cartilage and bone
new blood vessel formation and hypertrophy of synovium (panis formation)

Question 27

when to consider antibiotics

Answer 27

complications
systemically unwell
ottothoea
<2yr old with bilateral infections

Question 28

similarities between RA and OA on xray

Answer 28

loss of joint space
subchondral cysts (RA: geodes)
boney erosions

Question 29

X ray findings in RA

Answer 29

loss of joint space
soft tissue swelling
periarticular osteopenia (darkness around joint space due to cytokine production)

Question 30

Management of RA

Answer 30

treat early and aggressively

can start immediately on hydroxychloriquine before bloods return

NSAIDs
IM steroid injection
DMARDs- eg. methotrexate, azathioprine, sulfasalazine
biologics if 2 diffferent DMARDs not working

anti TNFa therapy

before starting biologics must test for HIV and TB.

28 joint count and ESR for disease monitoring

Question 31

antibiotic of choice for MRSA

Answer 31

vancomycin